为何照顾会出错?——残障照顾中“依赖-独立”之辩

Why Does Care Go Wrong?The Debate on“Dependence/Independence”in Disability Care

在照顾的实践中,围绕老龄化和残障的叙述,存在着显而易见的矛盾:在老龄化领域,照顾往往被理解为爱和利他主义,是对自我关怀的延伸;然而在残障领域,照顾却经常与控制、压迫、机构化和虐待有关。为何照顾在残障领域出错了?本文重点讨论残障领域对“照顾”概念所发起的辩论与挑战:一方面,通过女性主义视角和残障社群的对话,以说明现行关于残障的论述在理解残障者的经验方面并不充分,这导致残障人士作为受照顾者所经历的问题被忽视了;另一方面,在充分尊重残障人士对自主生活诉求的同时,需要用女性主义的关怀伦理来平衡“照顾—控制”与“依赖—独立”的二分论述。最后,文化是照顾中不可忽视的重要因素,在未来的研究中,需要对中国的照顾文化脉络进行深入挖掘,进一步探索根植于中国文化内涵的照顾实践。

In the delivery of support to people with disability and the aged,there is ambivalence surrounding“care”in the literature on aging and disability.In aging literature,care is often portrayed as an act of love and altruism,a selfless extension of oneself to ease another’s burden.However,within the disability community,care frequently carries connotations of control,oppression,institutionalization,and even abuse.Why does care go wrong in the disability field?This paper focuses on the debates and challenges to the concept of“care”in the field of disability:on the one hand,through a dialogue between feminist theory and the disability community,in order to show that current discourses on disability are inadequate in understanding the experiences of people with disabilities,which leads to the neglect of issues in the experiences of people with disabilities as care recipients;on the other hand,an ethic of care is needed to balance the dichotomy between“care/control”and“dependence/independence”,while fully respecting disabled people’s aspirations for independent and selfdirected living.