破“王言体”立“辞命体”——晚清学者刘熙载应用文概念的名与实新论

Breaking down“Wang Yan”Style and Building up“Ci Ming”Style——On Interpretation and Specific Application of Concept of Practical Writing by Liu Xizai,a Scholar in the Late Qing Dynasty

基于“辞命”从“国书”分化出私人书简的文体新变,刘熙载提出“若出于一人而亦曰辞命”的“辞命”观,立“辞命体”而不是“王言体”为应用文的源头。他从“辞命”作为“六辞之命”的本源出发推出“应用文”概念,提出了自己的新见:视“辞命”既是一个文种又是一种体裁的双重“辞命”观,突破了传统“辞命”观的一维视角;以“一人”二字淡化“辞命”作者的官方身份,凸显个体的“人”在写作活动中的主体作用,由其“文道”通达其“人道”;把应用文分为“上行”“平行”和“下行”,突显应用文是以作者和读者的有效沟通为目的的特殊文体,超越了唐宋以来对应用文体单向认知的局限;游离于“公文”的传统谱系,为应用文体裁和章法的独树一帜建立了“辞命体”传统谱系。他通过游离公文的“王言体”,摆脱传统骈体应制文表达的束缚;确立应用文“辞命体”,追求文本表达的有效性,保障了他对应用文命名和分类的名与实相符,为今人构建应用文所当蕴含的“文道”和“人道”传统提供了全新的研究思路。

In view of“Ci Ming”(the ancient practical writing)originating from“Guo Shu”(credentials)as a new literary form,Liu Xizai proposed that“Ci Ming”could be a personal letter,regarding“Ci Ming”style as the source of practical writing instead of“Wang Yan”style(the ancient official documents).He deduced the concept of“practical writing”based on“Ci Ming”as the origin of“the six literary forms”and believed that“Ci Ming”was not only a literary form but also a genre,breaking through the traditional one-dimensional view of“Ci Ming”,and that with the word“personal”,the official identity of the writer was diluted,highlighting the active role of individual“person”in writing activities.In addition,Liu Xizai divided the practical writing into three categories:“upper text”,“parallel text”and“lower text”and stressed that practical writing was a special literary form for the purpose of effective communication between writers and readers,which surpassed the limits of one-way cognition of practical writing since the Tang and Song Dynasties,and contributed to the establishment of the unique genre and style of practical writing,separate from the traditional pedigree of“official documents”.Through breaking away from the“Wang Yan”style of official documents and the shackles of traditional parallel prose,Liu Xizai built up the“Ci Ming”style of practical writing—pursuing the effectiveness of text expression,which ensured that the concept and classification of practical writing were consistent with its specific application and provided a new research approach for the integration of“writing skills”and“humanity spirit”in practical writing today.