敲诈勒索罪与抢劫罪的界分:视角、标准与适用

Boundary of the Crimes of Extortion and Robbery:Perspectives,Criteria and Application

在否定了传统的“两个当场”标准后,对于如何妥当界分敲诈勒索罪与抢劫罪,学界与司法实践远未形成共识。从判断视角出发,既往将两罪的界分规则构筑于行为不法或主要构筑于结果不法视角的观点均有待商榷;应当厘清两种视角的不同层次、功能,基于“结果不法导向下的行为不法视角”构建界分规则。在此基础上,应以他行为可能性的有无为标准界分两罪,即从社会通常的一般人观念出发,考察根据行为人的设想,被害人在行为人所实施的强制行为的影响下是否处于一种不得已的状态,进而就丧失财物而言能够于规范层面被评价为无他行为之可能。对此,需要重点判断行为人能否令被害人感受到具有现时性的针对生命或者身体的危险,以及被害人是否因此陷入了不得已的状态。

After negating the traditional“two spot”standard,the academic circles and judicial practice have not reached a consensus on how to properly distinguish the crime of extortion and robbery.From the perspective of judgment,the previous views that the boundary rules of the two crimes are based on the wrongful act or mainly on the wrongful result are still questionable.The different levels and functions of the two perspectives should be clarified,and the boundary rules should be constructed based on the“lawless perspective of behavior under the guidance of result lawlessness”.On this basis,two crimes should be divided according to the standard of the possibility of other acts,that is,starting from the common concept of ordinary people in society,it is investigated whether the victim is in a state of necessity under the influence of the coercive acts carried out by the actor according to the assumption of the actor,and then can be evaluated as the possibility of other acts in terms of loss of property at the normative level.In this regard,it is necessary to focus on judging whether the perpetrator can make the victim feel the immediate danger to life or body,and whether the victim has fallen into a state of necessity.