师法先贤:宋元明清学规的制定与实行

On the establishment and implementation of the academic rules in Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasty

在宋元明清四代,学规最初是由先贤制定的,代表性人物有朱熹、吕祖谦、王阳明等,他们本身在思想和教育领域具有较大的影响力。他们在书院和官学等教育场所进行了自主的学规制定,并对后来的学规产生了强大的示范效应。后学们依托书院和其他各类学校制定并实行的学规,则是在内容、形式和精神上对先贤的学规继承,通常包括沿用与补充、合用与取舍、学规文献的编纂与集成等。因此,后人制定学规的行为和过程可视作师法先贤。长期以来,宋元明清四代的学规就形成了从先贤的自主到后学的统一这一基本特点。

In the four dynasties of Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing,the rules of learning were initially formulated by sages,such as Zhu Xi,Lv Zuqian and Wang Yangming,who themselves had great influence in the field of ideology and education.They made their own rules in the academies and official schools,which had a strong demonstration effect on the later rules.Relying on the rules formulated and implemented by academies and other schools,the later scholars inherit the rules of their forerunners in content,form and spirit,usually including using and supplementing,sharing and choosing,compilation and integration of rules and documents,etc.Therefore,the behavior and process of making learning rules can be regarded as learning from the forerunners.For a long time,the rules of Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasty have formed the basic characteristics from the autonomy of the sages to the unification of the later learning.