摘要
The demand for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has been increasing exponentially due to their applications in portable electronics and electric vehicles.Consequently,the raw materials required to manufacture LIBs,including geopolitically scarce metals such as lithium and cobalt,have also witnessed a surge in demand.Moreover,the accumulation of spent LIB also raises safety and waste management concerns.Because reducing fossil fuel dependency is an integral part of energy transitions,this trend is expected to continue,which introduces numerous challenges.The primary challenge is the potential for the demand of raw materials required in LIB production to outpace supply along with the environmental,technical,and ethical constraints associated with the primary extraction of raw materials like lithium.This work examines the importance of LIBs in upcoming energy transitions and the environmental impact of its burgeoning demand.A summary of the current trends and techniques employed in LIB recycling and regeneration as well as the limitations of these methods are also explored.The review provides a comprehensive overview on LIB recycling in keeping with the principles of a circular economy by uniting the technical,environmental,economic,and political aspects of spent battery management.
基金
financially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)
through the Discovery Grant Program(RGPIN-2018–06725)
the Discovery Accelerator Supplement Grant program(RGPAS-2018–522651)
by the New Frontiers in Research Fund-Exploration program(NFRFE-2019–00488)
The authors also acknowledge financial support from the University of Alberta and Future Energy Systems(FEST06-Q03).
