通过裁决的社会控制:《工会法》第50—56条不当劳动行为行政救济机制的法律续造

Social Control through Adjudication——A Study of Legal Continuation of the Administrative Relief Mechanism for Improper Labor Practices under Articles 50-56 of the Trade Union Law

《工会法》在“法律责任”部分确立了不当劳动行为的行政救济路径,但至今未明确此路径的性质及程序展开规则,严重制约着该法的实施。此类争议在域外立法中存在着民事诉讼主导、行政裁决主导、二元机制并存三种处置模式,但基于不当劳动行为争议的不可诉性、司法救济难以满足团结权保障的时效性和预防性要求、行政救济可覆射之权责主体更为宽泛诸原因,行政裁决始终占据域外代表立法国家核心机制之地位。我国应当汲取这一立法经验,在统筹好裁决机制设计多元价值诉求基础上,从不当劳动行为行政裁决机制之基本构造、不当劳动行为型违法解雇条款与一般违法解雇条款之协调、工会工作人员不当劳动行为行政裁决救济路径之拓补三方面推进法律续造,并带动相关立法的精进表达。未来,建议制定统摄性的“劳动争议处理法”来对包括不当劳动行为争议在内的集体劳动争议之处置进行系统重整,最终形成具有中国特色的劳动争议处置体系。

The Trade Union Law sets up an administrative relief path for disputes over improper labor practices in the section of"Legal Liabilities".However,to date,the nature and rules of this path have not yet been clearly defi ned,seriously restricting the implementation of the law.Three disposal modes of this type of dispute exist in out-of-domain legislation:civil litigation domination,administrative adjudication domination,and dual mechanisms coexistence.However,due to the non-appealability of disputes over improper labor practices,difficulty of judicial relief to meet the timeliness and preventative requirements of the right of association protection,and the wider range of subjects who can participate in administrative relief,administrative adjudication has always taken up a core position in representing the legislative state mechanism.Based on the design of a multi-value appeal mechanism,China should draw on this legislative experience and promote the legal continuation in terms of the basic structure of administrative adjudication for disputes over improper labor practices,coordination between provisions of wrongful dismissal due to improper labor practices and general wrongful dismissal provisions,and the expansion of administrative relief paths for union staff's improper labor practices.Furthermore,this should also lead to the improvement of relevant legislation.In the future,it is suggested to formulate an overarching"Labor Dispute Processing Law"to systematically reorganize the handling of collective labor disputes,including disputes over improper labor practices,and ultimately form a labor dispute system with Chinese characteristics.