县中兴衰与主体理性、制度规范——基于理性选择理论的视角

Subjective Rationality,Institutional Regulations,and the Rise and Fall of County High Schools:Based on the Perspective of Rational Choice Theory

县中振兴是“十四五”时期党中央、国务院的重大决策部署,是建设高质量教育体系和实施乡村振兴战略的关键支撑之一。有效推进县中振兴需要从主体理性和制度规范的双重角度揭示县中发展的微观逻辑、剖析县中塌陷的制度成因,并探索长效振兴的可行路径。运用理性选择理论分析发现,在升学逻辑指导下,学生家长、行政部门与普通高中三大主体会主动做出生源流动、生源留住与生源竞争的理性行动。制度漏洞是造成县中塌陷的关键原因:社会力量办学的制度尝试与规范不力导致市场逻辑冲击县中;“以县为主”的经费投入体制导致县际高中教育经费差距巨大;生源保障制度缺失导致县中在生源竞争市场中处于弱势地位。历时性视角下,主体理性与制度规范之间呈现出“不同步变化的双向互动”关系。为尊重主体理性选择规律并有效弥补制度漏洞,需要引进、留住和培养一批优秀的县中教师,健全、落实和用好一套有效的县中制度,改革、构建和打造一个良好的县中生态。

The revitalization of county high schools is a major decision of the Party Central Committee and the State Council during the 14th Five-Year Plan period,and one of the key supports for building a high-quality education system and implementing the rural revitalization strategy.To effectively promote the revitalization of county high schools,it is necessary to reveal the micro logic of county high school development,analyze the institutional causes of county high school collapse and explore feasible paths to long-term revitalization from the dual perspectives of subject rationality and institutional regulation.According to rational choice theory,we find that under the guidance of the logic of promotion,three major subjects,namely,students’parents,administration departments and high schools,will take the initiative to make rational actions of student flow,student retention and student competition,while institutional loopholes are the key reasons for the collapse of county high schools:the weak attempt and regulation of the system of social forces to run schools leads to the impact of market logic on county high schools;“county-based”funding system leads to huge disparity in funding for inter-county high school education;the lack of student source guarantee system leads to the disadvantaged position of county high schools in the market of student source competition.The relationship between subjective rationality and institutional regulations under the perspective of ephemerality presents a“two-way interaction of asynchronous changes”.In order to respect the law of rational choice of subjects and effectively close the loopholes of the system,it is necessary to introduce,retain and train a group of excellent county high school teachers,improve,implement and use an effective county high school system,and reform,build and create a good county high school ecology.