马克思道德观基础新论——精神和肉体关系视角下的马克思“道德论”与“反道德论”

A Fresh Examination on the Fundamentals of Marx's Moral Concept:Marx's"Moral Theory"and"Anti-moral Theory"from the Perspective of the Relationship between Mind and Body

在当代马克思主义研究中,英美学者就马克思思想中的道德问题提出所谓的马克思的“非道德论”甚至“反道德论”。这一肇始于马克思的文本现象并不能说明马克思思想与道德无涉。马克思是从精神和肉体之间的辩证关系的角度重新思考理性,并把辩证理性作为道德形而上学的基础。从马克思对功利主义和义务论两种思想的批判中可知,我们既不能认为肉体和精神完全一致,也不能将其完全对立,而必须在精神和肉体的对立统一中理解道德。马克思的道德形而上学就是在这个基础上确立起来的,而这个道德形而上学又被融合到历史唯物主义之中。马克思从道德形而上学的基础上批判了资本家和资本主义制度。

In contemporary Marxist research,British and American scholars have put forward the notion of Marx's"amorality"or even"anti morality"when it comes to moral issues in his thought.However,this interpretation should not be taken to mean that Marx's thought lacks any moral engagement.Marx reexamined reason from the perspective of the dialectical relationship between mind and body,considering dialectical reason as the foundation of moral metaphysics.Through his critique of utilitarianism and deontology,Marx made it clear that we cannot simply align or oppose mind and body,but rather must understand morality within the unity of opposites between them.It is on this basis that Marx developed his moral metaphysics,which he integrated into historical materialism.Marx's critique of capitalists and the capitalist system was rooted in this moral metaphysics.