超越悲剧性困境——从“选择的贫困”到“选择的自由”

Beyond Tragic Dilemma--From“the Poverty of Choice”to“the Freedom of Choice”

悲剧性困境呈现了一种特殊的道德难题,行为者无论作何选择都无法达成正确而道德的行为。然而,无论是存在主义的观点,还是“诉诸理性一致性”的观点,都没能回应悲剧性困境中行为者的选择难题。奥地利马克思主义者试图借助康德的认识论对马克思主义进行伦理改造,认为行为者的意志的合法性足以使其在悲剧性困境中做出正确的决断。但是,这种尝试仍然是失败的。悲剧性困境揭示的是“选择的贫困”,它掩饰了现实的社会条件对行为者选择的限制,夸大了资本主义社会中行为者的意志自由,从而以道德的名义将悲剧结局归咎于偶然的厄运和行为者的糟糕选择。马克思为超越悲剧性困境提供了一种可能的方案:通过改变限制选择的社会条件来保障人的自由全面发展。马克思所追求的社会变革与人的解放,意味着“选择的自由”:尊重行为者选择的意志自由,更捍卫着意志自由得以实现的现实条件,即自由的选择空间。

Tragic dilemma shows a special moral dilemma,and no matter how the agent chooses,he can’t act correctly and morally.However,neither the view of existentialism nor the view of appealing to rational consistency has responded to the difficult problem of the choice of agents in the tragic dilemma.Austro-Marxists try to transform Marxism ethically with the help of Kant’s epistemology,believing that the lawfulness of the agent’s consciousness is enough to make the right decision in the tragic dilemma.But this attempt is still a failure.The tragic dilemma reveals“the poverty of choice”,which conceals the restriction of realistic social conditions on the choice of agents and exaggerates agents’free will in capitalist society,thus blaming the tragic ending on accidental bad luck and bad choices of agents in the name of morality.One possible solution provided by Marx to transcend the tragic dilemma is to achieve free and comprehensive development of human beings by changing the social conditions that restrict choice.Marx’s pursuit of social change and human liberation means“the freedom of choice”,which respects agents’free will and defends the realistic conditions for the realization of free will,that is,free choice of space.