陕西咸阳白蜡虫种群生态学及生产适宜性研究

Population Ecology and Production Suitability of Ericerus pela in Xianyang,Shaanxi Province

白蜡虫是我国重要的资源昆虫。近年来陕西咸阳地区白蜡虫养殖和白蜡生产逐渐兴起,但白蜡虫在该地区的种群生态学及生产适宜性一直缺乏系统研究。对该地区白蜡虫生活史、雌虫种群动态、雄虫泌蜡量、种群分布特征及寄生性天敌情况进行系统调查,并与其他传统产虫、产蜡地区的相关数据进行比较分析,综合评估咸阳地区白蜡虫生产适宜性。结果表明,陕西咸阳地区白蜡虫1 a完成1代,能够正常完成生长发育且种群繁衍良好。雌成虫初期(8月)死亡率较高,是影响种群数量的关键时期。雄虫终泌蜡厚度为4.60 mm,单体泌蜡量为0.603 mg,略低于传统产蜡区四川峨眉的泌蜡量,但高于传统产虫区云南昭通、昆明等地的泌蜡量。1龄雄虫主要分布在寄主植物大叶女贞叶片前段,1龄雌虫主要分布在前段和中段;2龄雄虫主要分布在枝条的前段,2龄雌虫在枝条上的分布较为均匀。寄生性天敌主要为膜翅目跳小蜂科和姬小蜂科的寄生蜂,其中危害白蜡虫卵期的寄生蜂为中华花翅跳小蜂和白蜡虫黑角啮小蜂,危害白蜡虫2龄雌虫和雌成虫的寄生蜂为白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂、白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂、蜡蚧啮小蜂和白蜡虫长尾啮小蜂,危害白蜡虫2龄雄虫的寄生蜂为白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂、白蜡虫啮小蜂、蜡蚧啮小蜂和白蜡虫长尾啮小蜂。研究结果表明,咸阳地区的气候及寄主等条件适合白蜡虫的产虫、产蜡兼顾发展,尤其适合优质种虫培育;加强白蜡虫资源的综合管理,实行虫、蜡分区域科学管理,可实现虫、蜡同时高产稳产。研究结果为陕西关中及邻近地区的白蜡虫科学养殖和资源开发提供了参考依据。

The Chinese white-wax insect Ericerus pela is one of the most important resource insects in China.Recently,the breeding of E.pela and the production of the Chinese white-wax have been developed in Xianyang,Shaanxi,China,but the population ecology and the production suitability of E.pela in this area have never been evaluated.In this study,a systematic investigation was conducted on the life history,the population dynamics of females,the secreted wax amount of nymphal males,and the parasitic wasps harming E.pela in Xianyang.And the relevant data were compared with those in other areas traditionally known as Chinese white wax production to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of breeding E.pela in Xianyang and adjacent areas.The results showed that E.pela could grow and reproduce normally in Xianyang,where they completed one generation per year.The mortality of female adults was high at the early adult period(August),which was the key period affecting the population.The average thickness of wax secreted by one male was 4.60 mm,and the average amount of wax excreted by one male was 0.603 mg,which was slightly less than that of the traditional wax-producing area of Emei,Sichuan Province,but higher than that of the traditional insect-brooding areas such as Zhaotong and Kunming in Yunnan Province.The 1 st-instar males were mainly distributed in the upper section of a leaf of the host plant Ligustrum lucidum,while the females were mainly distributed in the upper and middle sections of a leaf of L.lucidum.The 2 nd-instar males were mainly distributed in the upper part of a branch of L.lucidum,while the females were more evenly distributed in a branch.The parasitic wasps that harms E.pela were mainly species of Encyrtidae and Eulophidae of Hymenoptera.The parasitic wasps harming E.pela eggs were Microterys sinicus and Tetrastichus sp.,harming the 2 nd-instar nymphal females and adults of E.pela were Metaphycus ericeri,M.ericeri,T.ceroplasteae and Aprostocetus sp..The parasitic wasps harming the 2 nd-instar nymphal males of E.pela were M.ericeri,T.kodaikanalensis,T.ceroplasteae and Aprostocetus sp..Our results show that the climate and the host conditions in Xianyang are suitable for the breeding of the Chinese white-wax insect and also for the production of Chinese white-wax,especially for the production of E.pela broods of high fitness.Strengthening the comprehensive management of E.pela resources through implementing regional scientific management of the breeding of E.pela and the production of wax can achieve high and stable production of the insects and wax simultaneously.This study contributes to scientific breeding and resource development of E.pela in Guanzhong Region(central Shaanxi)and adjacent areas.