Molecular basis of COVID-19,ARDS and COVID-19-associated ARDS:Diagnosis pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies

The novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)is spreading worldwide and threatening people greatly.The routes by which SARS-CoV-2 causes lung injury have grown to be a major concern in the scientific community since patients with new Coronavirus,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)have a high likelihood of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)in severe cases.The mortality rate of COVID-19 has increased over the period due to rapid spread,and it becomes crucial to understand the disease epidemiology,pathogenic mechanisms,and suitable treatment strategies.ARDS is a respiratory disorder and is one of the clinical manifestations observed in patients with severe COVID-19.In this scenario,it is important to address this problem to develop suitable treatment strategies.This review attempts to present the prevalence of ARDS in COVID-19 patients and their predictive causes and risk factors,highlighting the contrasting features of COVID-19-induced ARDS with typical ARDS.This review also presents insights into the association between SARS-CoV-2 and lung damage while exploring the potential COVID-19 mechanisms in ARDS from the perspective of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein,cytokine storm,immune responses,and other signaling pathways.The review also discusses the diagnosis strategies,pathogenesis,risk factors,and treatment options of COVID-19-related ARDS.