东欧马克思主义本土化的历史轨迹

On the Evolution of Adapting Marxism to the SSpecific Realities in Eastern Europe

东欧国家社会主义政党自接受马克思主义起,便开始了马克思主义本土化的探索。十月革命后,东欧国家社会主义政党纷纷以十月革命为榜样开展革命,推动马克思主义本土化。二战结束后,东欧国家迅速确立了苏联模式。此后,东欧社会主义在“民族道路”和“苏联模式”的选择与磨擦中前进,相继产生了“波兰道路”和“匈牙利道路”,同“南斯拉夫试验”一起成为战后东欧改革热潮。20世纪60年代末和70年代初,东欧各国民族道路与苏联模式若即若离、暗中较量,再次掀起改革热潮,这是东欧马克思主义本土化最好的时期。东欧马克思主义本土化道路曲折而坎坷,最终在苏东剧变中相继崩溃。东欧马克思主义本土化的经验教训,值得国际社会主义运动认真总结。

The socialist political parties in Eastern European countries had started explorations in adapting Marxism to the contexts of their countries since it was introduced.In the wake of the October Revolution in Russia,the socialist parties in these countries followed suit to stage revolutions and adopt Marxism in their countries.After the end of World War II,a Soviet model of Marxism was soon established in the countries.And henceforth,socialism in Eastern Europe advanced in selection and friction between the"national path"and the"Soviet model",with the"Polish path"and"Hungarian path"emerging in succession,which,together with the"Yugoslavian experiment",brought about a wave of reform in post-war Eastern Europe.In the late 1960s and early 1970s,a rift grew between the national paths of Eastern European countries and the Soviet model,sparking another wave of reform.This was by far the best period for adapting Marxism to the contexts of the Eastern European countries.The path of the adaptation was tortuous and bumpy,ended with the successive collapse of the socialist countries in the drastic changes of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.It is worthwhile for the international socialist movement to review thoroughly the experience and lessons from the history.