双重路径借鉴下我国“职务代理”规则的体系构建——以《民法典》第170条为起点

On Construction of Rules of Agency in Duty Directed by the Dual Comparative Paths Starting from Article 170 of Civil Codeof China

《民法典》第170条第1款确立了“职务代理”的体系位置,但何人因何职务具有何种权限未臻清晰。在适用范围上,该规定不限于商事代理及团体组织内部人员的行为,但能排除法人组织法定代表人与非法人组织负责人之行为。比较法视野下团体组织中职务代理的构造存在两种不同的处理方式:一是基于典型的职务身份确定固定代理权;二是基于职权范围的解释确立代理权。就我国而言,法定概括且不可限缩的经理权与现有规则存在抵牾,通过职权范围,确立多层次、类型化的代理权更符合当下实践。在具体职权认定上,内部职务人员对外交易具有认定为有权代理的可能;在对外职权上,法律法规确定的职权、交易习惯预设或推定的职权与特别授权构成了对外职员职权分配的三个层次。不同代理权类型的确定呈现出从“身份确权”到“职权确权”的柔性过渡。

Although Article 170 of the Civil Code of China provides the system position of agency in duty,it is not clear who has what authority due to his job.In the scope of application,this provision is not limited to commercial agency and workers'agency,but excludes the legal representatives of legal persons and non-legal person organizations.From the perspective of comparative law,there are two different duty agency modes:one is to establish agency authority based on the structure of typical job status;the other is through the interpretation of the authority scope.The general and unlimited manager's authority is in conflict with the existing rules,and the multi-level agency authority is more in line with current practice.Workers with internal authority can act as authority agents.As for the external authority,authority determined by law,authority presumed by transaction practices and special authorization are the three types of authority distribution.Different types of authority show a flexible transition from"identity confirmation"to"authority confirmation".