面向非垄断性旅游资源:乡村旅游地的路径选择与制度演化

Facing Non-monopoly Tourist Resources:Path Selection and Institutional Evolutionof Rural Tourist Destinations

乡村旅游资源的非垄断性常使旅游地面临吸引力难以持续、生命周期较短的难题,如何针对非垄断性旅游资源情境,构建行之有效的制度体系,以实现乡村旅游地的良性治理,是当前乡村旅游发展中不容回避的重要话题。文章选取陕西省袁家村为案例地,采取质性研究方法,探讨非垄断性旅游资源情境下,乡村旅游治理相关制度的生成及其演化机制。研究发现,乡村旅游治理相关的制度供给经历了由非正式制度为主向正式制度为主的制度演化过程,其中,非垄断性乡村旅游资源构成制度演化的主导性情境条件,并在各阶段引发不同利益主体产生差异化的制度需求。面对多元利益主体的制度需求,乡村旅游地依赖不同类型权威对其进行整合,最终完成乡村旅游地的制度供给。

Non-monopoly resources are resources over which no one actor can establish a monopoly.The fact that many rural tourist resources are non-monopoly resources indicates that tourist destinations are often confronted with the governance dilemma of severe homogenization,unsustainable attractiveness to tourists,and limited life cycles.As institutions are at the heart of rural tourism governance,a burning issue in the current development of rural tourism practices is how to achieve effective governance of rural tourist destinations by building an efficient institutional system for the management of non-monopoly tourist resources.Therefore,this paper addresses the core question,"How should institutions for governing rural tourist destinations with non-monopoly tourist resources be generated and how should they evolve?",and takes Yuanjiacun village,a well-known rural tourist destination located in Shaanxi province,China,as a case study.Tourism in the village started with homestays offering catering and accommodation services,and it has always relied on its folk customs and local foods as the main tourist attractions,which are typically ubiquitous non-monopoly resources.Fieldwork using qualitative methods such as interviews and participant observation has been conducted in Yuanjiacun village since 2016,with the aim of investigating the process of institutional evolution and internal mechanisms at work in a rural tourist destination with non-monopoly tourist resources.Guided by an analytical framework based on the key concepts of situational conditions,institutional demand,authority,institutional supply,and institutional efficiency,the main conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)For rural tourist destinations,certain situational conditions at different stages of their development are the basis for their institutional evolution.Among them,the presence of non-monopoly rural tourist resources constitutes a significant situational condition running through the entire process of institutional evolution.(2)Under various situational conditions during the different stages of development,diverse stakeholders with varying institutional needs often become involved in rural tourist destinations.These institutional needs depend mainly on whether the original institutional arrangements can meet their interests within the corresponding situational conditions.(3)Faced with multiple stakeholders'institutional needs,rural tourist destinations rely on authority to integrate and balance them.Authority includes both non-institutionalized authority derived from the interior of the rural community and institutionalized authority given by state power.(4)After integrating multiple institutional demands,rural tourist destinations achieve an institutional supply.From a diachronic perspective,the institutional supply related to tourism governance undergoes an institutional evolution from an informal to a formal system,giving rise to a differentiated governance effect.This study has important theoretical value for tourism governance.Focusing on the governance dilemma that arises due to the situation of non-monopoly resources in rural tourist destinations,this paper not only makes up for the neglect of uncompetitive tourist destinations in the existing tourism governance literature but also demonstrates the important impact of the market supply characteristics of tourist resources on tourism governance.Additionally,it has enlightening practical significance for domestic rural tourist destinations that have strong development momentum but short life cycles and serious homogenization at present.By offering valuable suggestions,this research contributes to the sustainable development of rural tourist destinations,particularly in the context of non-monopoly tourist resources.