生态旅游中实现游客幸福感的主客体契合模式——以钱江源国家公园为例

Integration and Adaptation of Subjects and Objects for Realising Ecotourists'Well-being:A Case Study of Qianjiangyuan National Park

让游客在生态旅游中获得幸福感是国家公园创造社会福祉的重要途径,相应幸福感受主客体因素共同影响。文章以钱江源国家公园为研究区,通过质性分析识别生态旅游客体条件及主体体验内容;调查评价旅游主体获得的快乐及实现幸福感;通过比较分析、普通最小二乘与分位数回归,分析主体对客体体验特征、各种体验感受对其快乐幸福感、实现幸福感的影响。结果表明:主体对客体接触与了解、在客体中沉浸与享受是其游中幸福感最主要来源,而研究区客体内容丰富且变换性强,需主体以积极主动的方式进行接触和感受,但大部分主体主动性不强,旅游体验与客体特征契合不够;不同主体在各种体验中的幸福感形成特征不同,但这些特征尚未被充分认知和关注,致使旅游客体配置方式与主体幸福感形成特征契合不够。主客体契合不充分对游客幸福感造成负影响。因此,运营者需实行互为优化参照的主客体契合模式,既根据客体特征调适优化主体体验,又根据主体幸福感形成特征进行客体优化配置,以提升生态旅游者幸福感。

Ecotourism contributes to promoting the well-being of social subjects.National parks are typical ecotourism areas,and a national park system is being established in China.Enabling tourists to enjoy well-being while touring is an important way for national parks to increase its contribution to social welfare.Both subject and object factors impact the actualisation of tourists'well-being in national parks,so it is necessary to achieve effective integration between them.The case study,Qianjiangyuan National Park,is located in Zhejiang province.The park's evergreen broad-leaf forest is well known all over the world because it covers a huge area.This study summarised object constructs of ecotourism and tourists'main subjective feelings in the study area from text information transcribed from related travel notes,using the qualitative research method.Based on data from survey questionnaires collected from 445 randomly selected tourists in the study area,this study ascertained the degrees of respondents'different experience desires,and actual feelings;estimated respondents'hedonic and eudemonic wellbeing in ecotourism;and analysed the impact of the characteristics of subjects'experiencing objects and that of subjects'different feelings caused by objects on their hedonic and eudemonic well-being.The methodology included a comparison of the relevance,ordinary least squares regression,quantile regression,and related enlightenments for promoting ecotourists'well-being in national parks.The results showed that:(1)The primary source of ecotourists'well-being was their engagement with appealing and pleasurable objects,while immersion in and enjoyment of pristine,dynamic and pleasant places were secondary sources.Similar,albeit smaller,contributions were likewise made by other appurtenant experiences.Given that the object elements of the study area were huge,extensive,luxuriant,and diverse,one would expect the subjects'experiences to result in a satisfactory level of hedonic and eudemonic well-being.However,most current visitors were not real ecotourists with interests and motives deeply grounded in tourism;consequently,their experiences were not congruent with the objects'features.Thus,their ecotourism experiencing should be optimised.(2)Among other factors,the subjects had different experience expectations in different dimensions,were in different stages of the tour process,and had different propensities for hedonia and eudaimonia.Different object factors consequently had diverse impacts on the hedonic and eudemonic well-being of individual subjects,but these subject characteristics were not fully discerned and referred so that the configuration and presentation of object elements did not correspond with subjects'expectations.(3)The insufficient mutual adaptation between subjects and objects had a negative impact on tourists'well-being.Hence,operators of national parks should manage subjects'ecotourism experiences to coincide with objects'core values and features,and should optimise the configuration of objects'characteristics according to subjects'expectations(e.g.their areas of focus,propensities,and achievement of their well-being while on tour).Therefore,an approach that subjects and objects mutually adapt and subsequently improve each other's features should be adopted to advance ecotourism in national parks by ensuring that tourists'well-being expectations are sufficiently met.This study's results will be beneficial for increasing the extent of ecotourism-related social welfare services in national parks,and for improving its humanistic construction level.