双重政策路径赋能个人养老储蓄——加拿大个人养老金制度的实践经验及其启示

Dual policy path empowering individual pension savings:the practical experience and enlightenment of Canada's individual pension system

我国个人养老金制度在回应国民日益增长且多样化的养老保障需求的同时,也应该顺应社会需求和时代呼唤,成为推动共同富裕的重要制度安排。加拿大在个人养老金制度建设方面积累了诸多成功经验,业已成为全球个人养老金制度覆盖率较高的样板国家之一。在60余年的建设历程中,加拿大联邦政府构建了以注册退休储蓄计划(RRSP)和免税储蓄账户(TFSA)为主体的双重个人养老金政策路径,激励和支持公众积累个人养老储蓄,以提高自身退休收入。研究发现,加拿大两项个人养老金政策并行的模式凭借具有针对性的税收优惠政策、较为灵活的账户设计以及与公共养老金政策紧密衔接等有利因素,在提高制度覆盖率和保障公民退休生活等方面取得了较大的成就,但也面临着对低收入群体的吸引力不足,以及账户资金投资收益低且抗风险能力弱等现实困境。加拿大的经验教训可为我国优化个人养老金制度带来如下启示:一是明确个人养老金制度的目标定位;二是瞄准中低收入群体,优化制度设计;三是充分发挥政府和企业的重要作用,促进二者合力实现制度的广覆盖。

While responding to the growing and diversified needs of citizens for pension security,China's individual pension system should conform to social needs and the call of the times,and become an important institutional arrangement to promote common prosperity.Canada has accumulated a lot of successful experience in the construction of individual pension system,and has become one of the model countries with high coverage of individual pension system in the world.In the course of more than 60 years of construction,the Canadian federal government has constructed a dual individual pension policy path with Registered Retirement Savings Plan(RRSP)and Tax-free Savings Account(TFSA)as the main body,encouraging and supporting the public to accumulate individual pension savings to improve their retirement income.It is found that the parallel model of the two individual pension policies in Canada has made great achievements in improving the coverage of the system and protecting the retirement life of citizens by means of favorable factors such as targeted tax incentives,flexible account design and close connection with public pension policies.However,it also faces the realistic dilemma of insufficient attraction to low-income groups,low investment returns of account funds,and weak anti-risk ability.The experience and lessons of Canada can bring the following enlightenment to optimize the individual pension system in China:first,clarify the target positioning of the individual pension system;second,target the low-and-moderate-income groups and optimize the system design;third,give full play to the important roles of the government and enterprises,and promote the joint efforts of the two to achieve the wide coverage of the system.