进步主义思潮与英美两国女性住房改革家群体之崛起

The Progressive Era of Social Reforms and the Rise of Female Housing Reformers in the UK and the US

有关工人阶级住房状况的调研、改造和供给,是现代城市规划专业所以形成的重要基础和主要内容。霍华德提出田园城市思想,号召在农村地带建设“田园新市”、新建大量廉价住房以满足工人阶级需要,但在此之前,一批杰出的英国女性社会改革家已开展内城贫民居住区的改造和更新工作数十年,其工作方法、管理模式和社会改革宏旨传播到西方各国,受其影响最大的美国形成声势浩大的社会定居运动,成为进步主义改革的关键组成部分。英、美女性住房改革家可分为社会活动家和住房专家前后相继的两个群体,前者包括希尔及受她影响创建社会定居运动的巴奈特、亚当斯等人,她们率先从事房屋改造、社区服务等工作并造成广泛影响;后者如伍德、鲍尔和丹比等人,她们掌握规划设计和社会学等专业知识,除著书立说外,或积极进行政治游说,或亲自设计新式工人住房,最终实现住房政策和规划观念的改变。这些女性的观点、立场和工作方法各有不同,而她们共同推动的住房改革事业及其涉及的人物、思想、事件则构成了考察现代城市规划专业形成与发展的重要线索和研究内容,也使现代城市规划中女性的参与成为一种重要传统。

The investigation,upgrading and provision of working-class housing provided a solid basis for modern city planning as a discipline.By the time Ebenezer Howard came up with the Garden City idea to build a new city with abundant low-priced houses on rural land,some remarkable women had already been working for decades on housing renewal in the industrialised central cities of Britain.Their working methods,management pattern and the objectives of social reform were brought to other Western countries,most notably the United States,where the Social Settlement Movement became a crucial part of Progressivism between the 1880s to the 1920s under the leadership of American female activists.English and American female housing professionals can be categorised into two consecutive groups-female activists,including Octavia Hill,Henrietta Barnett and a group of American social settlers such as Jane Addams,and Florence Kelley;and female housing experts,including Edith Wood,Catherine Bauer,and Elizabeth Denby,who mastered the knowledge of planning and architectural design of a wide range of publications and participated in political lobbying or housing design,ultimately bringing about changes in housing policies and planning ideas.Despite their difference in attitudes,positions and working methods,these women contributed to the housing reforms,which involved a wide range of people,ideas and events,and were a source of the formation of modern urban planning,as well as an essential part of the research that has made women's participation in urban planning an important tradition.