从身份到股份:集体产权制度改革中的共同体困境

From Identity to Contract:Community Dilemma in the Reform of Collective Property Rights System

中国农村集体产权正在经历向股份化方向的改革,这与过往模糊产权的制度安排有很大不同,对明确个人的财产权给予了合法性依据,也希望通过市场化激发集体经济活力,但却忽视了其中福利权的重要性。在改革的过渡阶段,我们观察到集体经济的责任目标从过去为村民提供社区福利转变成减少公共支出、维护股民利益,导致社区出现公共服务空白的治理难题。通过提出“集体产权改革-村庄共同体变化-福利权困境”的解释框架,认为村庄在改革过程中从原社会共同体里分化出新经济共同体,两者目标不一致导致福利权缺失。中国集体产权的历史发展反映了凸显个体化扩张的经济权(私有产权)与注重社群化发展的福利权(公共产权)之间内在张力的“共同体困境”。最后,本文认为,若想摆脱这种“共同体困境”,应该在集体产权改革过程中尽量避免形成成员分化,从而保持集体成员利益的高度统一,最终实现共同富裕。

China's rural collective property rights are undergoing the reform of community-based shareholding,which is very diferent from the institutional arrangement of vague property rights in the past.It provides a legal basis for clarifying individual property rights,and also hopes to stimulate the vitality of the collective economy through marketization,but it ignores the importance of welfare rights.In the transition period,we observed that the responsibility goal of the collective economy has changed from providing community welfare for villagers to reducing public expenditure and safeguarding the interests of shareholders,leading to the governance problem of public service failure in the community.This paper puts forward an interpretation framework of"collective property rights reform-village community structure change-welfare rights dilemma",and we believe that the village has differentiated from the original social community into a new economic community in the process of reform,and the inconsistency of the two goals leads to the lack of welfare rights.The historical development of China's collective property rights reflects the"community dilemma"that highlights the internal tension between the economic rights(private property rights)of individual expansion and the welfare rights(public property rights)of social development.Finally,we consider that if rural village want to get rid of this"community dilemma",it should try to avoid the formation of member differentiation in the process of collective property reform,so as to maintain a high degree of unity of the interests of collective members and ultimately achieve common prosperity.