科学中的价值无涉与价值管理

The Value-free Ideal and Value Management Ideals in Science

科学的价值无涉理想曾作为科学哲学家捍卫科学客观性、科学自治等理念的重要基础。此后,科学实践的价值负载经历了从认知价值到非认知价值的逐渐转变。现在,多数科学哲学家已经承认,非认知价值在科学知识生产、分配和应用的各个阶段都可能扮演实质性的角色。科学与价值的核心论题已经逐步转变为科学中的价值管理和评估方式的研究。Helen Longino、Philip Kitcher、Heather Douglas及Kevin Elliott都提出了相应的价值管理理想,并尝试回答价值如何在科学实践中发挥适当的作用,如何保持价值负载的科学客观性等问题。

The ideal of value-free science once served as a crucial foundation for philosophers of science to defend principles such as scientific objectivity and autonomy.Since then,the value-bearing in scientific practice has gradually shifted from epistemic to non-epistemic values.Today,most philoso-phers of science acknowledge that non-epistemic values may play a substantive role in various stages of scientific knowledge production,distribution,and application.The central topic regarding science and value has increasingly evolved into research on value management and assessment within science.Helen Longino,Philip Kitcher,Heather Douglas and Kevin Elliott have all proposed corresponding value management ideals,exploring how values should play appropriate roles in scientific practice and how to maintain the objectivity of science with value-laden considerations.