矫正的正义:司法认同的公共性象征

Corrective Justice: The Public Symbol of Judicial Identity

在高度分化并且发展不平衡不充分的异质性社会,法律作为一种社会体制注定不可能单纯凭借不偏不倚的道德理性假设来建构普遍认同的同质性正义想象。所谓的“民意审判”现象等层出不穷的公共舆论事件表明,貌似具有普遍性的形式正义和道德理性不可能超出个殊化的社会关系情境。为了规避潜在的异议风险,即便是奠基于高度制度理性化成就之上的普遍正义也依然需要回应社会多元诉求进行个案矫正。而发轫于革命年代的人民司法在实践方法上最可称道之处,即在于其以一种既伸张差异又敉平差异的唯物辩证法有效回应了时代转型的异质性挑战。这种看似矛盾的悖论式表达既不是放任以强化差异的异质性崇拜颠覆普遍规范,也不是武断地敉平差异,而是尝试以去差异化的方式伸张差异:每个人都有权利主张自身的特殊利益,但这种主张权利的方式又必须建立在对所有人都平等,并且每一个其他人都会接受的道德原则基础上。就实现司法认同的主观感知视角而言,为之提供想象基础的或许并不仅仅有由国家单方面施予的正义,还有由社会进行选择的正义。

In a highly differentiated and unbalanced society,law,as a social system,is doomed to be unable to construct a universally accepted homogeneous justice imagination simply by virtue of impartial moral and rational assumptions.The so-called“public opinion trial”phenomenon and other endless public opinion events show that the seemingly universal formal justice and moral rationality cannot exceed the individual social relations situation.In order to avoid the potential risk of dissent,even the universal justice based on the achievements of high degree of institutional rationalization still needs to respond to the social demands for individual correction.The most praiseworthy point of the people’s judicature,which originated in the revolutionary era,is that it effectively responded to the heterogeneous challenge of the transformation of the times with a materialistic dialectic that not only advocates differences but also balances them.This seemingly contradictory paradoxical expression is not to subvert the universal norms by indulging in the worship of heterogeneity to strengthen differences,nor is it to arbitrarily pacify differences.It is a dedifferentiation treatment based on the recognition and respect of differences:all parties should strive to promote their own special interests,but they can only choose the principles that are acceptable to everyone else.In terms of the subjective perception of the realization of judicial identity,it may not only be the justice unilaterally imposed by the state,but also the justice chosen by the society.