高等教育普及化时代德国私立高校的发展及动因

Private Universities in Germany in the Era of Universalization of Higher Education:Development and Motivation

自两德统一特别是2000年以来,伴随着高等教育的普及化进程,德国的私立高校发展迅速,现已成为高等教育体系的重要组成部分。私立高校在专业布局、地区分布、类型分化、法人形式及经费结构等方面表现出与公立高校截然不同的特征。在很多方面,私立高校都不是“二等”高校。私立高校快速发展是由宏观社会环境中的支持氛围、政府治理提供的政策预期,以及自身满足多元需求、建立独有优势和灵活开展改革等因素共同促进的。专攻利基市场,为特定的学生提供合适的教育已成为其核心竞争力。中国与德国私立高校的大发展几乎发生在平行时间,比较研究的启示包括政策上的公私平等对待、私立高校的差异化竞争和独特社会价值的提供。

Since the reunification,especially since 2000,along with the popularization of higher education,private HEIs in Germany have developed rapidly and now become an important part of the higher education system.The private HEIs have different characteristics from the public ones regarding their educational programs,regional distribution,types,corporate form and funding structure.In many respects,private HEIs are not“second-rate”universities.The rapid growth of private HEIs was facilitated by several factors,including a supportive macro-social environment,policy expectations provided by government governance,and the ability of private HEIs to meet diverse needs,build unique strengths and be flexible in educational reforms.Specializing in niche markets and providing the proper education for targeted students has become a core competency.The rapid growth of private HEIs emerged almost simultaneously in China and Germany.This comparative study provides insights on equal policy treatment to public and private universities,differentiated competitions among private universities and the provision of unique social value by private universities.