族群、民族与国家:“中华民族”话语的理论追原

Ethnicity,Nation and State:Theorectical Root-Tracing of the Discourse of“Chinese Nation”

民族国家存续中遭遇的一个基本难题,就是处理国内多民族的国家认同问题。这一问题与公民个人对国家的认同问题,构成现代国家认同的两个方面。在民族国家建构的过程中,需要处理好大众话语与精英话语、文化民族与政治民族、历史陈述与现实矫正等基本关系。同时,需要在公民个人与民族群体两类社会行动者上面下功夫,以便维护国家认同。而且,对于多民族国家来讲,建构一种“融合”机制,对国家认同具有决定性意义。如此机制,指向两类国家治理的重大问题:一是建立稳定的依法行政体制,以促进一国之内的个人与群体获得公平发展的机会;二是区分政治领域与社会领域的不同问题,让个人与民族的国家认同问题和个人与民族的社会机遇划分开来。对中国来讲,在解决了基本方法理念、复合主体、相熔机制这些话语问题以后,铸牢“中华民族共同体”便容易达到预期目标。

“One of the basic difficulties encountered in the survival of nation-states is dealing with the problem of domestic multi-ethnic national identity.This issue,together with the identity of individual citizens with the state,constitutes two aspects of modern national identity.In the process of constructing national discourse by the nation-state,it is necessary to deal with the basic relationships between mass discourse and elite discourse,cultural nation and political nation,historical statement and reality correction.At the same time,in order to preserve national identity,efforts need to be made on both social actors as individual citizens and ethnic groups.For multi-ethnic countries,the construction of a“melting pot”mechanism similar to that of the United States is decisive for the survival of the country.Such a mechanism points to two major issues of national governance.Firstly,the establishment of a stable constitutional administrative system promotes equitable development opportunities for individuals and groups within a country.Secondly,distinguishing different issues in the political and social fields is crucial to separate the problems of national identities and social opportunities of individuals and the nation.For China,after solving these basic problems,the construction of the“Chinese nation”can achieve its expected goals.”