东北与西南:鸟居龙藏在中国大陆、蒙古和东西伯利亚地区的体质人类学考察活动

Northeast and Southwest:Tori Ryuzo's Physical Anthropological Survey in China's Mainland,Mongolia and Eastern Siberia

19世纪末至20世纪初,日本人类学家鸟居龙藏深入我国东北、蒙古东部、东西伯利亚地区以及西南诸省如湘、黔、滇、川等地的苗、瑶、彝、布依等族开展了人种学框架下的体质人类学调查,是中国现代体质人类学发展史上重要的学科事件。鸟居龙藏采用目测、形态测量和照相三种手段获取各地人种的相关体质数据,并通过适当的生物学计算进行人种识别与鉴定。相对来说,对我国西南诸族的体质测量较佳,且取得的人类学成就最高,有力地批评了西方人类学家布莱克斯顿和梵尼奥等认为苗族不是蒙古人种的观点。在“满蒙调查”上带有帝国殖民性色彩,为日本将东北地区从中国分裂出去的政治野心提供了学理支持。此外,鸟居龙藏带着妻子和幼小的孩子开展田野调查以降低土著对他们的敌视,这种策略在中国现代人类学发展史也是绝无仅有的。

Late 19th century to early 20th century,Japanese anthropologist Ryuzo Tori conducted physical anthropological surveys in China's Mainland,eastern Mongolia and eastern Siberia,which is an important discipline event in the development history of China modern physical anthropology.In terms of means of research,Tori Ryuzang mainly adopted three means of visual inspection,morphometry and photography to obtain the relevant physical data of different populations and carry out appropriate biological calculation for ethnic identification.Comparatively speaking,the measurement on the southwest nationalities is better,and have the higher anthropological achievement.Tori Ryuzang strongly criticized the views of Western anthropologists such as TW.Blakiston and R.Verneau,they think that the Miao were not Mongolians.In the"Manchurian and Mongolian investigation"with imperial colonial color,Tori Ryuzang provided academic support for Japan's political ambition to separate the Northeast from China.In addition,for reduceing indigenous hostility to them Tori Ryuzang conducted fieldwork with his wife and young child,as a kind of strategy,it is very unique in the history of modern Chinese anthropology.