清代服制命案中的夹签制度

The Clamping and Signature System of Murder Cases in Qing Dynasty

清代服制命案中的夹签制度形成于乾隆时期,是主要针对“情可矜悯”服制命案声请减等的一种特殊司法审判制度,运作流程中包括督抚声请、刑部夹签、内阁票拟加签及皇帝决断等环节。夹签制度的核心就是在依法判决的同时予以必要的情理考量,以实现律例前提下的“情法允协”为最高目标,既是清代“情理法”司法审判特征的典型表现,亦是国家治理的政治需要。夹签案件的法律推理及夹签后的处置等都能够体现清代司法者的法律观念和司法逻辑。夹签制度的出现,为审视刑事犯罪中的情理要素提供了必要的申诉渠道和制度保障,可供当代中国司法镜鉴。

The signature system in the Qing dynasty was established during the Qianlong dynasty,serving as a special judicial system primarily aimed at reducing death penalty cases in the Qing dynasty.The operational process involved claims from governors,signatures from the punishment department,proposed signatures from the cabinet,and final decisions made by the emperor.The essence of this signature system lies in giving due consideration to reasonable judgments based on law,with its ultimate goal being to achieve a reasonable legal consensus"within the framework of existing laws.This not only exemplifies the judicial characteristics of"reasoned law"during the Qing dynasty but also fulfills political needs for effective governance.Through legal reasoning and case handling,this signature system reflects both legal concepts and judicial logic employed by Qing dynasty judges.Its introduction provides an essential avenue for appealing criminal convictions based on reasonable grounds while ensuring systematic guarantees for examining such elements making it a valuable reference point for contemporary Chinese justice.