温克尔曼美学中的自由观

The View of Freedom in Winckelmann s Aesthetics

在关于古代艺术的论述中,温克尔曼将自由作为艺术繁荣的重要前提和外在因素,这一概念通常与自然环境和民主政治相结合,侧重于气候的影响和政治统治的类型,在当时成为标准的社会学理论。然而,自由在温克尔曼的美学系统规划中具有双重意义,不仅因为是构成艺术发展的主要外部因素,更在于自由观念对希腊人的心态、思想和精神方面产生的影响。在温克尔曼的构想中,自由是从希腊人的内在审美追求中孕育而生的,其主观上具有区别于政治层面的积极个人意识。在他的作品分析中,通过对艺术史兴衰与政治自由之间的关系表述,审美自由逐渐失去政治意义上的动力原则,并且与政治自由形成两种不同内涵的自由观。

In his treatise on ancient art,Winckelmann regarded freedom as an important prerequisite and external factor for the prosperity of art.This concept was usually combined with natural environment and democratic politics,focusing on the impact of climate and the type of political rule,and became a standard social theory at that time.However,freedom has dual significance in Winckelmann s aesthetic system planning.Freedom is not only the main external factor that constitutes the development of art,but also the influence of freedom concept on the mentality,thought and spirit of Greeks.In Winckelmann s conception,freedom is conceived from the inherent aesthetic pursuit of the Greeks,and its subjective sense is different from the political level of positive personal consciousness.In the analysis of his works,through the expression of the relationship between the rise and fall of art history and political freedom,aesthetic freedom gradually lost its power principle in political sense,and formed two different connotations of freedom with political freedom.