斗争、论争式民主与激进民主——论尚塔尔·墨菲的后马克思主义民粹观

Struggle,Agnostic Democracy,and Radical Democracy:On Chantal Mouffe's Post-Marxist Populist View

本轮欧洲民粹主义浪潮兼有左右翼政党参与,是当代资本主义危机的又一例证。尚塔尔·墨菲作为后马克思主义者,运用斗争与抗争的概念分析民粹主义,为理解欧洲民粹主义提供了一套体系完整的分析框架。本文以墨菲的后马克思主义斗争观为核心切入点,论及其提出的论争式民主和激进民主等概念,从民粹主义的定义、兴起原因、影响与应对方法入手,具体探讨如何从政治边界划定与论争式民主的角度理解当代民粹主义的概念与特征;如何运用霸权与激进民主的概念分析民粹主义的兴起原因与当代欧洲自由主义霸权;如何评价民粹主义运动的影响以及当代左翼民粹主义政党如何善用激进民主,充当反对霸权、反对极端右翼民粹主义运动的先锋。诚然,墨菲的理论存在一些问题,但墨菲重拾马克思主义关于集体身份和斗争的传统,亦是其作为后马克思主义者的一大贡献。

The current wave of populism in Europe,involving both left-wing and right-wing political parties,serves as another example of the contemporary crisis of capitalism.Chantal Mouffe,as a post-Marxist,utilizes the concepts of struggle to analyze populism,providing a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding European populism.This article takes Mouffe's post-Marxist thought of struggle as a starting point,discussing concepts such as agonistic democracy and radical democracy,and delving into the definition,causes,impacts of populism and strategies for addressing it.Specifically,it explores how the concept and characteristics of contemporary populism can be understood from the perspectives of political boundaries delineation and agonistic democracy,analyzes the rise of populism and the hegemony of contemporary European liberalism in the context of hegemony and radical democracy,evaluates the influence of populist movements,and examines how contemporary left-wing populist parties can effectively utilize radical politics as pioneers in opposition to hegemony and extreme right-wing populist movements.Undoubtedly,Mouffe's theory has its limitations,but her re-engagement with the Marxist tradition of collective identity and struggle is a significant contribution as a post-Marxist.