神圣姓氏与中古权力竞逐——以刘、李、张氏为中心

Holy Surnames and the Race for Power in Mediaeval China:A Study Centered on Liu,Li and Zhang

中古时期,托称刘、李、张氏的起兵举事代代而起,对当时的社会秩序乃至政权更迭,皆有深远影响。两汉之际“诈姓刘氏”的卢芳,西晋时“易姓名为刘尼”、并称“汉后”的丘沈,“冒姓刘氏”的匈奴人刘渊,以及中古道教中的刘举起事等,一皆与“刘氏复兴”之谶存在联系。从“李氏为辅”到“李氏将兴”、“李氏当王”,中古时期的诸李之乱总体上经历了不称王、帝而至举号创国的思想过渡,这与道教神学思想的影响不无关联。该时期数次张氏聚众起义,亦具有或隐或显的宗教推动因素。笼罩在“汉家”光影之下的人们,通过建立以神圣姓氏为枢纽的虚拟关系网络,获得了对抗实际权力控制的重要力量。透过神圣姓氏与中古权力竞逐的史相,适可管窥中古王朝秩序的内外虚实。

Because of the irreplaceable appeal of holy surnames,Liu,Li and Zhang were borrowed again and again as the surnames of insurgents including Hus(Barbarians)in mediaeval China,which greatly influenced the race of power and even regime changes.Lu Fang,“lied about his surnames as Liu”in the period between the two Han dynasties.Qiu Shen,“changed his name to Liu Ni”and claimed himself as the“descendant of Han royalty.”The Hun Liu Yuan“pretended to be surnamed Liu.”Moreover,there were also several Liu⁃Ju rebellions in medieval Daoism.All these rebellions were related to the prophecy of the“Revival of the Liu Clan.”From the claim of“the Li Clan is the auxiliary”to“the Li Clan will rise”and then“the Li Clan will be king,”the several rebellions in the surname of Li underwent an ideological transition,from not becoming the emperor to raising the flag and founding a state.This transition is associated to the influence of Daoist theology.Several uprisings in the surname of Zhang during this period were also inspired by an implicit or explicit religious impetus.Social movements and power struggles under the call of holy surnames indicated how borrowers of same surnames appeared for generations,though their real lineage did not exist.These fictitious lineages filled with religious meanings finally resulted in the long⁃lasting“fictitious clan prestige,”centered on these holy surnames.Therefore,active beyond dynasticism and secular ethics,holy surnames constructed another“flexible space”in the mediaeval imperial society.