何谓无知?

What Is Ignorance?

何谓无知?这是一个看似简单却不容易回答的问题。无知的标准观认为无知就是缺乏知识。标准观受到多种语言用法的支持,还能借助当代知识论对知识的系统分析刻画出不同种类的无知。但是最近知识论学界出现了一个与之不同的新观点,该观点认为无知就是缺乏真信念。新观点的支持者提出了无知归赋的论证与无知具有辩解作用的论证。本文指出,前一个论证既没有注意到无知在概念上所具有的否定性,也混淆了命题性无知与事实性无知,而后一个论证忽略了无知发挥辩解作用的前提———行动者的意图,因此支持新观点的两个论证都不成功。此外,本文回应了标准观点与预设投射规则之间的冲突,并结合“信息茧房”现象展现其更强的解释力。最终看来,相比于新观点,无知的标准观仍然是更合理的观点。

What is ignorance?The standard view holds that ignorance is the lack of knowledge.This view gains support from common usage in many languages.Besides,contemporary analysis of knowledge fuels a unified treatment of ignorance when ignorance is deemed as the negation of knowledge.However,a recent proposal submits that ignorance is the lack of true belief.Advocates of the new view put forward the ignorance attribution argument and the ignorance⁃can⁃excuse argument.Unfortunately,under closer scrutiny,the first argument ignores the fact that ignorance is conceptually negative and confuses propositional ignorance with factual ignorance,while the second argument says nothing about the agents quality of will.These defectives spell the failure of the new view.In addition,we manage to solve the apparent conflict between the standard view and the projection rule of presupposition.In sum,the standard view is preferable to the new view of ignorance.