生育水平的影响机制和低生育率社会的生育服务支持

Determinants of Low Fertility and Fertility Policies Implications

人口生育水平是由个人生育意愿和生育行为过程决定的,而人们的生育过程受到社会经济发展、生育文化、制度因素和技术进步的综合影响。人们生育的具体结果受到“未意愿的怀孕”和“未满足的怀孕”的共同影响。生育过程包括生育意愿的形成和具体实施生育行为两个阶段,也可以分解为生育意愿的形成、生育打算的具体安排,以及从生育行为到生育结果实现三个阶段。以生育意愿为核心的生育服务和支持应该成为低生育率社会下生育政策的核心,通过现代生育文化建设转变“不想生”的思想观念,通过完善生育配套的社会政策减少“不敢生”的生育限制,以及通过生育力的保存和支持帮助“不能生”的生育实现。当前我国生育政策需要重视对“未意愿的怀孕”和“未满足的怀孕”两个不同侧面提供生育服务和支持,开展全生命周期的生育服务和支持。

Population fertility degree is determined by peoples desire of family size,and concrete reproductive behaviors,that is imbedded and influence by socioeconomic patterns,culture,institutional arrangements,and technological advancement.Low fertility degree is influenced combinedly by people's desire of family size,unsatisfied pregnancy and unmet pregnancy.Satisfy people's fertility desire should be the focus of fertility policy,and comprehensive fertility services and supports include fertility culture construction,reproductive⁃supports policies,and preservation and enhancement of reproductive capability.We should also take a life cycle fertility services provision to satisfy people's demand and to improve people's wellbeing.