通江银耳栽培技术历史演变与消费群体变化

Historical evolution of cultivation technology of Tongjiang tremella and changes of its consumption groups

通江(县)是银耳人工栽培发祥地。通江银耳特指在四川省通江县境内生长在青冈木上的银耳子实体。介绍通江银耳的栽培技术经历了古法栽培、旧法栽培、新法栽培和创新栽培四个历史阶段:古法栽培是找寻自然长有银耳的山林采伐青冈树,置于林间让其出耳,选山是其重要工序;旧法栽培形成了选山、砍棒和排山等13道作业工序;新法栽培融入了现代食用菌栽培理论技术,应用人工菌种和设施干预,形成有制种、砍棒、斫眼、接种、发菌、排堂等15道作业工序,增产和稳产效果显著;创新栽培突出栽培作业轻简化,在“凹口式”接种生产栽培种、电钻打孔和以钢架塑料大棚代替土墙耳堂等5个方面进行了改革。列举通江银耳历史产量和销售价格,指出曾经作为清朝贡品和达官显贵高端消费品的通江银耳,随着栽培技术的进步、产量的大幅增加及人们经济条件的改善,如今普通群众也能够消费。

Tongjiang County is the birthplace of artificial cultivation of Tremella fuciformis.Tongjiang tremella specifically refers to the fruiting bodies of tremella that grows on Quercus acutissima in Tongjiang,Sichuan.The cultivation techniques of Tongjiang tremella went through four stages,cultivation with ancient method,cultivation with old method,cultivation with new method and innovative cultivation.Selecting mountains was the important process in ancient method.The mountains with tremella naturally growing would be found,and the Quercus acutissima would be cut down and placed in the woods to bud.There were 13 processes in the old method including selecting mountains,cutting down trees,placing logs and so on.While new method had 15 processes including spawn production,cutting down trees,punching holes and inoculating,and mycelium culture.The method integrated the theory and technology of modern mushroom cultivation,and applied artificial inoculation and facility intervention,making significant effects on yield increase and stabilization.The innovative cultivation threw up the lightened and simplified technology.Reforms had been made in five aspect,including concave inoculation,punching holes with electric drills,and replacing mud-made-wall cultivation house with shaded plastic greenhouse in steel frame.Besides,the historical yields and selling prices of Tongjiang tremella were listed,showing that it was once expensive as a tribute during the Qing Dynasty and a high-end consumer product of high officials and noble lords.Nowadays,Tongjiang tremella can be also consumed by the average citizen with the expanding production scale and significantly increasing yield due to cultivation technology progress,as well as the greatly improved economic condition.