仲裁案外人权益救济机制的立法展开——基于我国《仲裁法》《民事诉讼法》修订和《民事强制执行法》制定的协同考量

On the Legislation on the Mechanism for Interests Remedy of Non-parties to Arbitration——Based on the Consideration of Coordinating the Amendments to Chinese Arbitration Law and Chinese Civil Procedure Law with Enactment of Chinese Civil Enforcement Law

“虚假仲裁”等侵犯仲裁案外人权益的情形受到广泛关注。在我国,2018年最高人民法院发布的《关于人民法院办理仲裁裁决执行案件若干问题的规定》、2019年最高人民法院起草的《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法草案(征求意见稿)》、2021年司法部发布的《中华人民共和国仲裁法(修订)(征求意见稿)》以及2022年全国人大常委会发布的《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》分别为仲裁案外人设置不同的救济路径。不同的救济路径背后是既判力绝对效和相对效理论的争论。伴随着仲裁机构“民间性”回归和对仲裁裁决效力认识的深入,仲裁裁决既判力应当坚持相对效。因而,应摒弃构建仲裁案外人提起撤销仲裁裁决之诉、申请不予执行等专门独立型救济机制,根据“侵犯物权型”、“虚构债务型”和“减少责任财产型”这三种可能侵害仲裁案外人权益的情形,挖掘和完善《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》《中华人民共和国民事强制执行法(草案)》等规定的案外人异议之诉、分配方案异议之诉、撤销权之诉、确认无效之诉、侵权之诉等非专门独立型第三人救济路径。

The incidents of infringement upon interests of non-parties to arbitration such as"false arbitration"have received widespread attention.In China,Provisions on Several Issues concerning the Handling of Cases regarding Enforcement of Arbitral Awards by the People's Courts issued by the Supreme People's Court in 2018,the Draft Chinese Civil Enforcement Law(Consultative Draft)prepared the Supreme People's Court in 2019,Chinese Arbitration Law(Amendment)(Consultative Draft)issued by the Ministry of Justice in 2021,and Chinese Civil Enforcement Law(Draft)promulgated by the Standing Committee of National People's Congress of China in 2022 set different remedial paths for non-parties to arbitration respectively.Behind the different paths is the debate between the doctrines of absolute and relative res judicata.Along with the return of the"civic nature"of arbitration institutions and the deepening understanding of the effectiveness of arbitration awards,the doctrine of relative res judicata should be adhered to concerning the res judicata of arbitral awards.Therefore,it is necessary to abandon the construction of a specialized and unique relief mechanism such as that a non-party takes action for reversing an arbitral award or applies for no enforcement of an arbitral award,instead,according to"infringement up real property rights","false debts"and"reduction of property under liability",three types of situations which may infringe upon interests of non-parties to arbitration,to explore and improve the non-specialized and non-unique remedial paths for third parties such as a lawsuit of objection,the lawsuit of objection to the distribution plan,the lawsuit of right to revocation,lawsuit of confirming the ineffectiveness,and tort action by a non-party to the case,which are stipulated in Chinese Civil Code,Chinese Civil Procedure Law,Chinese Civil Enforcement Law of China(Draft),etc.