封丘县耕地土壤养分含量演变与施肥对策研究

Evolution of Soil Nutrient Content in Cultivated Land and Fertilization Strategy in Fengqiu County

1982—2022年期间,对封丘县40年的土壤养分进行了监测,并对监测的耕地土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾等指标进行统计分析。结果表明,上述4项指标由1982年的7.83 g/kg、0.55 g/kg、7.25 mg/kg和178.16 mg/kg分别变化为2022年的14.21 g/kg、1.19 g/kg、19.10 mg/kg、122.00 mg/kg。其中有机质提高了81.48%,由Ⅴ.2级提升到Ⅳ.1级,平均每年增加0.1595 g/kg;全氮由Ⅴ.2级提升到Ⅲ.2级,增加了116%,平均每年提升0.016 g/kg;有效磷由Ⅳ.1级提升到Ⅲ.1级,增加了163.45%,平均每年增加0.2963 mg/kg;速效钾当前属于Ⅲ.2级,共降低31.52%,平均每年降低1.404 mg/kg。上述这些变化主要归因于秸秆还田、配方施肥等政策的实施,在大田生产中,不仅要继续实行秸秆还田措施,而且要科学施用氮肥,推广、轮换施用不同含量磷肥,划区域补施钾肥。此外,通过耕地质量自然监测点所得到的4项监测结果与全县配方施肥大量取土的检测结果基本吻合,充分证明了耕地质量监测网的监测结果符合生产实际,对于后续的施肥、耕种等环节具有重要的指导意义。

From 1982 to 2022,soil nutrients were monitored for 40 years in Fengqiu County,and soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were statistically analyzed.The results showed that the above four indexes changed from 7.83 g/kg,0.55 g/kg,7.25 mg/kg and 178.16 mg/kg in 1982 to 14.21 g/kg,1.19 g/kg,19.10 mg/kg and 122.00 mg/kg in 2022,respectively.Organic matter increased by 81.48%,changed from gradeⅤ.2 to gradeⅣ.1,with an average annual increase of 0.1595 g/kg.Total nitrogen increased from gradeⅤ.2 to gradeⅢ.2,which increased by 116%,with an average annual increase of 0.016 g/kg.Available phosphorus increased from gradeⅣ.1 to gradeⅢ.1,which increased by 163.45%,with an average annual increase of 0.2963 mg/kg.Available potassium belonged to gradeⅢ.2,and decreased by 31.52%,with an average annual decrease of 1.404 mg/kg.These changes were mainly attributed to the implementation of policies such as straw returning to the field and formula fertilization.In field production,it is necessary not only to continue to implement straw returning measures,but also to scientifically apply nitrogen fertilizer,promote and rotate the application of phosphorus fertilizer with different contents,and divide areas to supplement the application of potassium fertilizer.In addition,the four monitoring results obtained through the natural monitoring points of cultivated land quality were basically consistent with the test results of large quantity of soil collected by formula fertilization in the whole county,which could fully prove that the monitoring results of cultivated land quality monitoring network were consistent with the production practice,and had important guiding significance for the subsequent fertilization,cultivation and other steps.