义理、象数与工夫:陆象山易学思想的心学旨归

Meanings and Principles,Images and Numbers,and Practical Cultivation:The Core Themes of Lu Jiuyuan's Scholarship on the Changes

陆象山对《周易》的阐发包含义理、象数与实践工夫三个方面,而“本心”是贯穿三者的核心旨归。通过对晋、大壮、泰的解读,象山指出言《易》不能“泥于爻画名言之末”,《易》理的根据在于事与心,“心”实质上承载着“理”的展开。关于《周易》象数,象山认为天、地、人三才都内在于河图、洛书的结构之中,天之四气与地之四形皆以“人居其中,向明而立”为前提;相比于先天图的固化对称性,象山更注重对后天图流变性的揭示,“本心”的自作主宰是把握屡迁之道的关键。在对九卦之序的解读中,象山聚焦于“本心”工夫,“复,德之本”所揭示的复返“本心”是工夫的目的,其落脚点则在于履之“不处”而行、谦之“精神浑收聚于内”。由此,象山将“本心”贯穿于义理、象数与实践工夫,完善了心学易的理论结构。

Lu Jiuyuan’s(1139-1193)elucidation of the Book of Changes includes three aspects:meanings and principles,images and numbers,and practical cultivation;the“original heart-mind”is the core theme that runs through the three aspects.Through the interpretation of the hexagram Jin[■,Advance,35],hexagram Dazhuang[■,Great Strength,34],hexagram Tai[■,Peace and Communication,11],Lu points out that the study of the Book of Changes should not be“stuck at the line image or statement”and the basis of the meanings in the Book of Changes lies in events and heart-mind;“heart-mind”essentially carries the expansion of“li”(meanings and principles).Regarding the images and numbers in the Book of Changes,Lu believes that the three powers of heaven,earth,and human beings are all inherent in the structure of Hetu(Yellow River Chart)and Luoshu(Luo River Diagram).The four material energies qi of heaven and the four forms of earth are all based on the premise of“humans living as intermediary between heaven and earth and engaging in statecraft toward brightness”.Compared to the rigidifying symmetry of images of Former Heaven,Lu places more emphasis on revealing the fluidity of images of Later Heaven,and the self-control of the“original heart-mind”is the key to grasping the Dao of constant changes.In the interpretation of the sequence of the nine hexagrams stressed in the Xici zhuan(Commentary on the Appended Phrases),Lu focuses on the cultivation of the“original heart-mind”.“Fu[Return,■,24],the foundation of virtue”reveals that returning to the“original heart-mind”is the purpose of cultivation and its ultimate goal is in hexagram Lv’s[■,Treading,10]moving forward without stopping and in hexagram Qian’s[■,Modesty,15]“spiritual integration inward”.From this,Lu uses“original heart-mind”to run through the meanings and principles,images and numbers,and practical cultivation,which optimized the theoretical structure of the Changes-based heart-mind School.