“情况说明”的实证分析、证据属性与理性检视

The Research of Evidence Attribute and Legal Regulation of“Situation Description”

《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》未规定情况说明作为八种证据法定形式之一,但是情况说明在刑事诉讼实践中大量出现,并成为法院司法裁判中认定的证据种类。通过对中国裁判文书网中法院认定的情况说明证据进行分析,发现情况说明在司法实践中广泛存在,并出现公安机关出具的情况说明和非公安机关出具的情况说明两种类型,后者伴随当前涉众型经济犯罪、电信诈骗犯罪、涉网新型犯罪、非接触式犯罪等专业犯罪的高发有增长的趋势,也就是说对于情况说明的证据能力的讨论,已经不能局限于公安机关出具情况说明的正当性问题。情况说明实体性、程序性以及辅助性的多功能特点导致了情况说明的多属性的性质,即情况说明根据不同的类型具备笔录证据、证人证言、鉴定意见和书证的属性。通过对情况说明近年来在我国司法实践中的适用进行理性检视,可以从情况说明的适用范围、程序要件、法庭调查、类型化规范等多个角度进行规制,并构建非公安机关出具情况说明的证据规则。

Chinese Criminal Procedure Law does not stipulate situation description as one of the eight statutory forms of evidence,but situation description appears in large numbers in criminal litigation practice and has become the type of evidence recognized in court judicial judgments.By analyzing the case evidence identified by the court in the judicial judgment network,it proves that situation description are widely available in judicial practice,and there are two types of case descriptions issued by police and non-police organs.The latter is accompanied by the current high incidence of professional crimes such as public-related economic crimes,telecommunications fraud crimes,and new internet-related crimes,which means that the discussion of the evidence capacity of the situation description can no longer be limited to the legitimacy issued by police.The substantive,procedural,and auxiliary multi-functional characteristics of the situation description have led to the multi-attribute nature of the situation descrip⁃tion.The situation description has the attributes of criminal record,witness testimony,expert opinion,and documentary evidence according to different types.The basic ideas of the regulatory situation description include restricting the scope of application of the situation statement,standardizing the procedural requirements of the description,setting strict court investigation procedure,the hierarchical exclusion rule for the construction of the situation description,and the formulation of evidence rules for the statement issued by the non-police agency.