清代私刻书板的赁板印刷现象

The Phenomenon of Private Printing by Renting Book Boards in the Qing Dynasty

赁板印刷从宋代印刷术普遍应用开始就成了惯常现象,但以往的研究主要关注官府和书坊之赁板印刷。本文以张潮等例子为基础,结合明清出版史,初步揭示了清代私刻的赁板印刷现象:赁板印刷是士商合作的重要模式,是士商博弈而达成双赢的结果,是私刻本进入市场的重要推手;达成赁板印刷的重要因素包括书业发达之地,名气较大的作者,士人的积极推动,私刻本的普遍性,士人与书商交往的普遍性,书坊不愿意大量刻板与藏板,士人重视藏板;赁板印刷处所包括私家、书坊或刻字铺;私刻书板的赁板钱应小于或相当于所印书总售价的十分之一,而且往往以书充抵。上述研究可为我们判别私刻本与坊刻本、探讨私刻本的印数及传播提供新的参考。

Printing books by renting boards had become a common phenomenon since the widespread of engraving.Previous researches mainly focused on governmental and bookshops'printing by renting boards.This article is an attempt to reveal the phenomenon of private printing by renting boards in the Qing Dynasty,based on the case of Zhang Chao,considering the publishing history of the Ming and Qing Dynasty.Printing by renting boards was an important mode of cooperation between intellectuals and merchants,as a win-win result of the game between them.It was a crucial force which let privately engraved books enter the market.Factors which facilitated printing by renting boards included:a place where the book industry prospered,famous authors,the promotion by intellectuals,the popularization of private engraving,the pervasion of social contacts between intellectuals and merchants,the unwillingness of bookstores to engrave and store boards in large quantities,and the fondness of intellectuals for storing book boards.Places for renting boards included private houses,bookstores and engraving shops.The rental fee should be less than or equal to one-tenth of the total price of the book,and was usually offset by books.The above study could provide new reference for distinguishing privately engraved from bookshopengraved books,and for discussing the quantity and dissemination of privately engraved books.