应对极端天气频发的小麦新品种选育方法——以龙堂一号为例

Breeding Methods of New Wheat Varieties in Response to Frequent Extreme Weather——Taking Longtang 1 as An Example

选育耐旱、抗寒、高产稳产等抗灾小麦品种是保障粮食安全的重要途径。近10 a黄淮北片麦区在越冬期—返青期—拔节期和抽穗期低温频发,严重影响了小麦产量的提高。在分析气候变化对小麦生产系统影响的基础上,利用20个黄淮麦区审定品种及大面积推广品种进行多年表型鉴定和农艺性状分析,提出极端气候变化背景下利用不同生态区资源,培育抗冻、抗倒春寒,抗倒伏且稳产的小麦育种方法:第一,培育在小麦春化阶段抗冻能力强,苗期生长稳健,需要较长光照时间通过光照阶段的半冬性偏冬性的品种,可以在时间和空间上提高抗灾能力;第二,进行南北资源杂交,有目的地与已有骨干亲本组配杂交组合;第三,重视培育骨干亲本,不能有难以克服的缺点,需要有明显的优点。以龙堂一号选育为例,详述应对极端天气频发的小麦新品种选育方法,以期为小麦育种工作提供帮助。龙堂一号综合抗性强,幼苗半匍匐,苗期叶色浓绿,成株株型紧凑,矮秆,基部节间短而粗壮,茎秆质量好,抗倒性强;分蘖强而多,穗纺锤形,成穗率高,籽粒较饱满,熟相较好,适应区域范围广,可以很好地应对近年来的灾害性气候,保障小麦稳产增产。

Breeding cold and drought-resistant,high and stable yield wheat varieties is essential to ensure food security.In the last ten years,frequent low temperature at the regreening-rising,jointing,and heading stages in the Huanghuai wheat region,particularly in the north significantly influenced increase of wheat yield.In this study,20 approved large-scale promotion varieties in the Huanghuai wheat region were used for multi-year phenotypic identification and agronomic trait analysis based on the analysis of the impact of climate change on the wheat production system.Breeding methods of cultivating wheat with frost resistance,retrogressive spring cold resistance,and lodging resistance and stable yield were proposed under the background of extreme climate change,using resources in different ecological zones:Cultivating semi-winter or winter oriented wheat varieties with strong frost resistance at the vernalization stage,steady growth at the seedling stage,and requiring long light time through the light stage could improve the disaster resilience over time and space.Conducting hybridization of north-south resources to create a new hybrid combination with existing founding parents in purpose.Focusing on the upbringing of the founding parents without disadvantages hard to be overcome and with obvious advantages.Taking the Longtang 1 as an example,breeding methods of new wheat varieties in response to frequent extreme weather was expounded in detail to provide reference and exchange for wheat breeding.Longtang 1 had comprehensive resistance,semi-stolon seedlings,dark green leaves at the seedling stage,compact plant type,short stems,short and stout basal internodes,good stem quality,strong lodging resistance,more and stronger tillers,spindle-shaped spikes,high spike rate,full grains,good maturity,and wide adaptability to a wide range of areas,this variety could withstand with the disastrous climate in recent years and ensure stable and increased wheat yield.