仰韶村遗址文化层土壤微形态研究

Soil Micromorphology of Cultural Layers in Yangshao Village Site

土壤微形态方法已广泛运用在遗址土壤研究中,可解读其蕴含的古人类活动信息。本研究在仰韶村遗址土壤前期研究基础上,采集多处文化层以及古土壤层、表土层,通过比较土壤微形态和理化性质差异,判别古人类用火和培土行为。结果表明:①用火影响的土壤基质主要呈红棕色,其中炭屑散乱分布,铁质垒结形成物主要呈团块状、碎屑状。细粒质受到火烧作用影响,经化学反应形成的铁质氧化物覆盖其上,显示出弱干涉色特征,多为无分离b-垒结。②培土影响的土壤中可以识别出人工痕迹,如平整的孔道和刮擦痕迹,紧密的不同土壤垒结之间存在清晰平整的界线,表明土壤被压实。部分细粒质受到人为刮擦作用影响,呈现条纹状b-垒结。细粒质与粗粒质除包膜状和桥接状外,还出现填集状,这也表明土壤被压实。③发现贝壳和碳化植物等侵入体,土壤微结构呈现海绵状。总体而言,土壤的宏观特征和基本理化性状印证了微形态观察结果,表明该区域土壤与古人类用火和耕作活动相关。

Soil micromorphology method has been widely used in the study of site soil,which can interpret the information of ancient human activities contained in it.Based on the previous study of the soil at Yangshao Village site,this study collected several cultural layers,ancient soil layers and topsoil layers,and identified ancient human behavior of using fire and cultivating soil by comparing the differences in micromorphology and physiochemical properties.The results show that:1)Soil matrix affected by fire is mainly red-brown,in which the carbon scraps are scattered,and iron barrier formation is mainly in the form of lumps and fragments.Fine particles are affected by fire,and iron oxides formed by chemical reaction cover them,showing weak interference color characteristics.Most of them are non-separated b-barrier.2)Artificial traces can be identified in the soil affected by soiling,such as flat holes and scratch traces.There is a clear and flat boundary between different soil barriers,indicating the compaction of soil.Some fine grains are affected by artificial scraping,and present striped b-barrier junction.In addition to enveloping and bridging,fine-grained and coarse-grained materials also appear filling,which also indicates the compaction of soil.3)Invasive bodies such as shells and carbonized plants are found,and the soil microstructure is spongy.In general,the macroscopic characteristics and basic physiochemical properties of the soil confirm the results of micromorphological observation,indicating the fire and farming activities of ancient humans in the area.