欧洲人权法院视野下涉密案件被追诉人的辩护权研究

The Right to Defense of the Accused in Cases Involving Secrecy from the Perspective of the European Court of Human Rights

涉密案件中,保密利益与辩护利益往往处于激烈冲突的状态,欧洲人权法院认可基于保密考虑,可以不开示涉密证据,采用特殊的作证方式,保障律师与犯罪嫌疑人会见交流的内容,尊重律师与犯罪嫌疑人之间的秘密特权规则,重视公正审判权的实质内容,保障保密利益和辩护利益的动态平衡。当前,我国涉密案件缺乏一套规范的办理程序,辩护权的运行还不规范,涉密案件、涉密证据被扩大认定,涉密证据开示制度阙如,涉密案件的律师帮助权运行艰难,涉密证据质证权保障不力。人权法院在案件审理中综合考虑各成员国的整体情况,其判例表现出极大的开放性和包容性,这对于完善我国涉密案件被追诉人辩护权的保障问题无疑具有积极的意义。我国涉密案件辩护制度应以“平衡”理念为指引,重构涉密案件证据开示制度,保障辩护律师的会见交流权,强化涉密证据的被告人质证权。

In cases involving secrecy,national interests and defense often is in a state of intense conflict.The European court of human rights recognizes based on the national security concerns,and would not publish classified evidence to bear witness to the use of special way.It protects the content of the communicationbetween criminal suspects and their lawyers and respectsthe their secret privilegeunder the rules,It values the importance to the substance of justice jurisdiction and guarantees the dynamic balance between national interest and defense interest.At present,China’s secret-related cases lack a set of standard handling procedures,and the operation of the right to defense is not standard.Cases involving secrecy and evidence involving secrecy are expanded to identify.There is no system of disclosure of secret-related evidence,the operation of lawyers’right to help in cases involving secrecy is difficult,and the protection of the right to cross-examination of evidence involving secrecy is ineffective.The human rights court considers the whole situation of each member state comprehensively in the case trial,and its precedents show great openness and inclusiveness,which is undoubtedly of positive significance to the improvement of the protection of the right to defense of the accused in China’s cases involving secrecy.China’s defense system of classified cases should be guided by the concept of“balance”,reconstruct the evidence discovery system of classified cases,protect the right of defense lawyers to meet and communicate,and strengthen the right of the defendant to cross-examine classified evidence.