材料多轴疲劳试验技术的发展与展望

Development and Prospect of Multi-axial Fatigue Test Technology of Materials

在航空航天、核工业、海洋工程和轨道交通等核心领域,诸多关键结构件材料复杂服役工况下的疲劳测试需求促进了多轴疲劳试验技术的不断发展。首先回顾传统多轴疲劳试验技术的发展,包含拉伸-扭转、弯曲-扭转、拉伸-弯曲、双轴拉伸、双轴弯曲和拉伸-弯曲-扭转。随后,回顾近十年来新发展的多轴超声疲劳试验技术,包含双轴拉伸、双轴弯曲、拉伸扭转和拉伸-弯曲。此外,总结超声疲劳测试中的应力评估、试样冷却、频率效应和尺寸效应等关键问题,并给出了相应的解决措施。最后,简要介绍上述多轴疲劳试验技术在典型材料钛合金和镍基高温合金中的应用。在总结归纳的基础上,提出材料多轴疲劳试验技术的发展方向,指出该领域未来发展的新机遇。

In the core fields of aerospace,nuclear industry,marine engineering,and rail transportation,the demand for fatigue testing under complex service conditions of many key structural component materials has promoted the continuous development of multi-axial fatigue testing technology.This paper firstly reviews the development of traditional multiaxial fatigue test techniques,including tensile-torsion,bending-torsion,tensile-bending,biaxial tensile,biaxial bending,and tensile-bending-torsion.Subsequently,the newly developed multiaxial ultrasonic fatigue testing techniques containing biaxial tensile,biaxial bending,tensile-torsion,and tensile-bending-torsion in the last decade are reviewed.In addition,the key issues of stress assessment,specimen cooling,frequency effect,and size effect in ultrasonic fatigue testing are summarized and the corresponding solutions are given.Finally,the application of the above multiaxial fatigue testing techniques in typical materials,titanium alloys and nickel-based superalloys,is briefly introduced.Based on the summary,the development direction of multi-axial fatigue testing techniques for materials is proposed,and new opportunities for future development in this field are pointed out.