健康权的国家塑造:以广播体操为例

The National Formation of the Right to Health:Taking Broadcast Gymnastics as an Example

开端于1951年的广播体操是中国推行时间最广、普及率最高的群众性体育运动,深刻体现了国家对公民健康权的塑造。广播体操的历史起源和发展历程,与国家命运紧密相连,体现了鲜明的国家意志,旨在达成“塑造新人”的目标。广播体操的制度形态可以归纳为“军事模拟”“行政强化”和“市场竞争”三个阶段,契合了不同时期的目标和需求。以广播体操在中国的创设和推广为视角,有助于建构健康权的教义体系。根据健康塑造的目的和手段,可以将健康权的实现方式区分为国家健康事业、公民健康权利、社会健康产业和市民健康消费四种类型。国家健康事业经由立法机制,为公民健康权利提供制度保障和供给。健康权作为社会权,既有主观权利面向,也有客观价值秩序面向,从而确立公民个体的健康权主体地位。健康权的防御权面向排斥国家过度干预,健康受益权则直接对接国家的给付措施。社会健康产业和市民健康消费也需划定国家权力界限。由此,广播体操的发展需要调适其与国家整体目标和公民个体需求的关系,平衡运用行政和市场的方法,不断创新出更加符合多元需求的运动方案,积极参与健身市场的竞争。

Broadcast gymnastics,which was initiated in 1951,is one of the most widely adopted and popular mass sports activities in China,embodying the country's commitment to shaping the right to health of its citizens.The history and development of broadcast gymnastics are closely tied to the destiny of the nation,reflecting clear national intent,and aiming to achieve the goal of“shaping new individuals”.The institutional forms of broadcast gymnastics can be categorized into three stages:“military simulation,”“administrative reinforcement,”and“market competition,”each of which aligns with the objectives and needs of different periods.Taking the establishment and promotion of broadcast gymnastics in China as a focal point helps construct a doctrinal framework for the right to health.Based on the purposes and means of health shaping,the implementation of the right to health can be divided into four types:national health projects,citizens'health rights,the social health industry,and civic health consumption.National health projects,facilitated by legislative mechanisms,provide institutional support and supply for citizens'health rights.The right to health,as a social right,has both a subjective rights orientation and an objective value order orientation,thus establishing the individual's subject status in terms of their right to health.Its defense aspect is oriented toward rejecting excessive state intervention,while the benefit aspect directly links to the state's payment measures.The boundaries of state power also need to be defined in the social health industry and civic health consumption.Hence,developing broadcast gymnastics involves adjusting its relationship with the overall objectives of the state and individual citizens'needs.It involves balancing the use of administrative and market methods,continually innovating sports programs that better suit diverse needs,and actively participating in the competition of the fitness market.