西汉经敦煌与西域间畜牧物种的交流——以敦煌悬泉汉简为中心的探讨

The Exchange of Animal Husbandry Species between Dunhuang and the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty-Discussion Centered on Xuanquan Han Bamboo Slips in Dunhuang

西汉经敦煌与西域间的物种交流主要表现在畜牧物种的引进上。西汉政府引进西域畜牧物种是一个长久的国策,其首要任务是引进西域骏马以改变军队的结构,加强骑兵在军队中的比重;汉武帝时细君、解忧两位公主先后出嫁乌孙,西汉要的聘礼就是乌孙良马1000匹;贰师将军李广利两次征大宛也是为了引进汗血马。西汉政府与西域间关系常态化后,西域地区各个地方政权开始以奉献的名义将西域出产的名马和特产橐驼、良种牛、驴等畜牧物种送入西汉,从而改良了西汉畜牧品种,使河西地区畜牧业迅速发展起来。敦煌悬泉汉简中记载了很多关于西汉政府与西域地区畜牧物种交流的内容,通过对这些记载的钩稽,能够还原西汉政府经敦煌与西域地区进行畜牧物种交流的历史面貌。

The species exchange between Dunhuang and the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty is mainly manifested in the introduction of animal husbandry species.It is a long-term national policy for the Western Han government to introduce animal husbandry species in the western regions.Primarily,it is to introduce fine horses from the western regions to change the structure of the army and strengthen the proportion of cavalry in the army.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,two princesses,Xijun and Jieyou,married Wusun one after another,and the bride price in the Western Han Dynasty was 1000 good horses from Wusun.Li Guangli,the general of Er shi,levied Dawan twice in order to introduce the ferghana horse.After the normalization of the relationship between the government of the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions,the local governments in the Western Regions began to introduce the famous horses and special livestock species such as camels,fine cattle and donkeys produced in the Western Regions into the Western Han Dynasty in the name of dedication,so as to improve the animal husbandry varieties of the Western Han Dynasty and make the animal husbandry in the Hexi region develop rapidly.The Han bamboo slips of Xuanquan recorded a lot of content about the exchange of animal husbandry species between the Western Han government and the Western Regions.Through the study of these records,we can restore the appearance of the Western Han government's exchange of animal husbandry specie.