数字经济时代产业组织演变:趋势、特征与效果

The Trends,Characteristics,and Effects of Industrial Organization Evolution in the Digital Economy Era

随着数字技术纵深发展和数据要素广泛运用,数字经济时代产生了全新的技术-经济范式即数字经济范式。在这一范式下,产业组织发生嬗变,呈现出网络化、平台化、无边界化、融合化等发展趋势,并展现出一些新特征,主要有:资本加持下的“位置军备竞赛”愈演愈烈,平台企业成长更为迅速;出现“分层式垄断竞争”市场结构,形成“共存但不颠覆”的垄断竞争格局;平台企业跨界扩张日益明显,产业生态系统之间的竞争占据主导地位;数据和算法成为企业竞争制胜的法宝,平台企业借此扩大垄断势力将变得更为容易。数字时代产业组织演变改变了产业经济的运行规则与逻辑,带来了新的发展机遇,有利于新产业、新业态、新模式发展,有利于推进跨国合作,有利于推进智慧监管;同时,也给经济社会发展带来了新的挑战,使平台企业的反竞争和垄断行为更加隐秘,隐私保护与安全问题更为凸显,反垄断识别和调查取证难度更大。政府应适应数字经济时代产业组织演变趋势,推进监管转型,完善数字经济范式下的治理与监管。

With the in-depth development of digital technology and the widespread use of data,a new technology-economy paradigm,i.e.the digital economy paradigm,has emerged in the digital economy era.Under the digital economy paradigm,the industrial organization has undergone changes,showing the development trends of networking,platformization,borderlessness,integration,etc.The industrial organization evolution presents some new characteristics,mainly including:the increasingly intense “position arms race” with capital support,and the rapidly growing platform enterprises;the appearance of the market structure featuring “hierarchical monopolistic competition”,forming a monopolistic competition pattern of “coexistence but not subversion”;the increasingly obvious cross-border expansion of platform enterprises,and the dominant competition between industrial ecosystems;the weaponization of data and algorithms in competition,by virtue of which platform enterprises can easier expand monopoly power.The evolution of industrial organizations in the digital era has changed the operation rules and logic of industrial economy and brought new development opportunities,which is conducive to the development of new industries,new business forms,and new models,promoting transnational cooperation and intelligent supervision.At the same time,it has also brought new challenges to economic and social development,making the anti-competition and monopolistic behaviors of platform enterprises more secret,the privacy protection and security issues more prominent,and the anti-monopoly identification and investigation with evidence collection more difficult.In the future,in order to adapt to the trends of industrial organization evolution in the era of digital economy,it is necessary for the government to promote regulatory transformation and improve governance and regulation under the paradigm of digital economy.