阿富汗塔利班意识形态的演变及其对执政的影响

The Evolution of Afghan Taliban's Ideology and Its Impact on Governance

阿富汗塔利班意识形态的演变在一定程度上反映了其能够被动或主动适应历史发展的需要。20世纪90年代,阿富汗塔利班的意识形态主要受到南亚迪欧班德学派思想中的极端思想影响,同时融合了沙特阿拉伯所奉行的瓦哈比主义以及阿富汗普什图族部落习惯法的内容。这些思想来源决定了塔利班意识形态的伊斯兰主义属性,其中占核心地位的是塔利班所独特理解的伊斯兰教法,其意识形态因此呈现教条化、极端化和排他性等特点。2001年阿富汗战争后,塔利班政权被推翻,但它很快实现重组。此后20年,塔利班政治身份和地位发生转变,战略目标得以重塑,组织结构亦发生相应变化,内部随之出现严重分化,塔利班同时还受到形形色色具有现代意义的伊斯兰思想的冲击。其意识形态由此出现新变化:居于核心地位的伊斯兰教法思想呈现宽泛化理解态势;认识论也由注重外在信仰转变为注重内在信仰;意识形态其他思想层面,如战略观、政治观、宣传观、军事观以及对外关系观等结合现实需要而出现相应调整。尽管如此,这种变化仍然存在局限性和复杂性。2021年8月塔利班再次夺权后,上述已然变化的意识形态在一定程度上指导并影响着塔利班的执政实践和国家治理,其执政走向尚有待于进一步观察。

The evolution of Afghan Taliban's ideology has reflected,to some extent,Taliban's ability to adapt passively or actively to the needs of historical development.In the 1990s,the ideology of the Afghan Taliban was mainly influenced by the extremist thoughts of the Deoband School in South Asia,while incorporating elements of Wahhabism practiced in Saudi Arabia and the customary laws of the Pushtun tribes.These sources have determined the Islamist nature of the Taliban's ideology,which is centered on the Taliban's unique understanding of Islamic Law and is therefore dogmatic,extremist,and exclusive.The Taliban as a regime was overthrown after the 2001 war in Afghanistan,but it was quickly reorganized.In the following two decades,the Taliban's political identity and status has shifted and its strategic objectives have been reshaped.Its organizational structure has accordingly undergone changes and has led to some serious internal divisions.At the same time,the Taliban has been subjected to various forms of Islamic thoughts with modern significance.As a result,new developments have taken place in the Taliban ideology,in which the Islamic Law has been taken on a broader understanding and the epistemology has been transformed from a focus on external beliefs to an emphasis on internal beliefs.On this basis,other ideological dimensions of the Taliban's ideology,such as that of politics,propaganda,military and foreign relations,have been able to be adjusted based on the needs of the reality.Nevertheless,the development of its ideology still has limitation and complexity.After the Taliban seized power again in August 2021,the above changed ideology has guided and influenced the Taliban's governing practices to a certain extent,the direction of Taliban's rule accordingly needs further observation.