现代社会人如何失去自我——现代性批判的中心线索

How Does One Lose Oneself in Modern Society——The Central Clue of Modernity Critique

现代社会,作为个体的人在自我意识觉醒的同时也出现新的自我迷失,映照出现代性带来的时代精神的危机。马克思、尼采等现代思想家深入研究了自我与世界的互动关系,从社会文化结构的整体及其变迁中探讨了现象背后的微观和宏观机制。借助对现代社会精神结构尤其是各种病态现象的分析,他们发现了自我的深层结构,揭示了道德文化塑造自我的微观机制;同时,借助对资本及权力的批判,他们又揭示了个体迷失自我的宏观机制。这种自我迷失不仅使人难以形成自我的同一性,也直接导致人的病态。对上述问题的反思构成现代性批判的一条中心线索,而在启蒙中推动自我的觉醒则成为“治疗的学问”的哲学的使命。

In modern society,human's self-consciousness was awakening and at the same time losing itself in a new way,which reflected the crisis of the spirit of modern time brought by modernity.Modern thinkers such as Marx and Nietzsche have deeply studied the self and its interaction with the world,and explored the micro and macro mechanisms behind the phenomena from the whole social and cultural structure and its changes.By analyzing the spiritual structure of modern society,especially various pathological phenomena,they found the deep structure of the self and revealed the micro mechanism of the moral culture which shaped the self.By criticizing capital and power,they revealed the macro mechanism of human destiny.Losing oneself not only makes it difficult for people to form its identity,but also directly leads to people's pathologies.The reflection on the above questions constitutes a central clue of modernity critique,while the promotion of enlightenment is still the mission of philosophy which calls itself as“the knowledge of healing”.