洛邑“土中”与阳城“地中”辨析

Differentiation and Analysis of Luoyi as"Tu Zhong"and Yangcheng as"Di Zhong"

洛邑为周人灭商后营建的新都,“土中”是洛邑所在之地的专称,它是对西周初年洛阳地区地理位置以及政治、经济、军事、宗教地位的概括。《周礼》中的“地中”之说源自战国时代,“地中”是在洛邑“土中”,“周辟家”影差原理、天地测量理论以及战国时期“王者需在天下之中建都”理论共同影响下的一种构想。《周礼》“地中”本属假想,不确指某地,东汉《周礼》开始流传,由于多数学者尊信《周礼》为周公所著,因此认为《周礼》中的“地中”就是西周初年营建的洛邑。郑众首倡阳城为“地中”,后经郑玄的引用、贾公彦的发挥,使得洛邑“土中”和阳城“地中”两说混杂到了一起,遂有了阳城是西周初年周公营建洛邑时,测影寻找到的“地中”之说。

Luoyi was the new capital built by the Zhou people after the annihilation of Shang Dynasty.In view of the geographical position of Luoyang as well as the city's political,economic,military and religious significance in the early years of Western Zhou,"Tu Zhong(land center)"was used as the exclusive appellation of the land where Luoyi stood.The concept of"Di Zhong(earth center)",a term from Rites of Zhou,can be traced back to the Warring States Period,and was conceived under the joint influence of Luoyi being titled"Tu Zhong(land center)",the principle based upon shadow differences as well as the theory of heaven and earth measurement in Zhoubi Suanjing,and the theory of the Warring States Period which stated that"the emperor shall found the capital at the center of the world".In Rites of Zhou,"Di Zhong(earth center)"is hypothesized,and does not refer to an actual place.Rites of Zhou began to be circulated in Eastern Han.Most scholars believed that Rites of Zhou was written by the Duke of Zhou,and thus they claimed that"Di Zhong(earth center)"in Rites of Zhou should refer to Luoyi,which was built in the early years of Western Zhou.Yangcheng was first referred to as"Di Zhong(earth center)"on the initiative of ZHENG Zhong.Later,after the quotation by ZHENG Xuan and the elaboration by JIA Gongyan,two notions,respectively Luoyi being Tu Zhong(land center)"and Yangcheng being"Di Zhong(earth center)",were mixed up.As a result,it was said that Yangcheng was Di Zhong(earth center)"found by the Duke of Zhou via shadow measuring methods when he built Luoyi in the early years of Western Zhou.