酸性土壤下缓解大豆铝胁迫的研究进展

Research progress on alleviating aluminum stress of soybean in acidic soil

大豆是我国重要的油料作物,具有独特的营养成分,在我国各地区被广泛种植.铝毒是植物在酸性土壤环境中的重要胁迫因子,影响植物生长发育,具体表现为阻碍营养物质交换、引起细胞DNA损伤等.近年来,随着工业发展,我国土壤酸性不断增强,植物受铝胁迫影响日益加剧,大豆作为铝毒敏感作物,其生长、产量乃至品质受到极大的限制.因此,揭示铝离子对大豆生长发育的影响及大豆对铝胁迫的防御机制,对了解大豆耐铝性和治理大豆铝毒害具有重要意义.本文基于铝毒对大豆作用及大豆对铝胁迫的抗性机制两方面进行探究,综合分析酸性土壤下大豆根际的环境变化,列举缓解铝毒害的主要措施,并提出需要从分子生物学角度更进一步深入构建铝胁迫分子调控机制,为推进大豆耐铝性研究而努力,以期为该领域更深入的探索提供参考.

Soybeans have a unique nutritional profile containing oils,proteins,carbohydrates,and other beneficial nutrients.It is a major source of vegetable protein and oils and has the potential to be developed as a cash crop widely grown in all regions of the country.Soil acidification has become a soil pollution problem worldwide.Acidic soils in China cover about onefifth of the country’s arable land,threat agricultural production.Aluminium is the most abundant metal element in the soil and its toxicity is an important stressor that inhibits plant growth in acidic soil environments.Aluminium exists in the form of oxides and hydroxides when the pH is neutral and s not toxic to plants.When soil pH<6.5,insoluble aluminium becomes exchangeable aluminium(mainly Al^(3+),Al(OH)^(2+),Al(OH)_(2)^(+)).These forms of aluminium can inhibit plant root tip elongation by blocking nutrient exchange,interfere with plant water uptake,accumulate reactive oxygen species leading to lipid peroxidation in the plasma membrane,and cause cellular DNA damage leading to plant growth inhibition.In recent years,with the rapid development of industry and the emission of polluting gases leading to frequent acid rain,the acidity of our soils has been increasing and plants have been affected by aluminium stress to a progressively greater extent.Soil acidification and aluminium toxic stress have been one of the major factors limiting soybean production,with aluminium stress severely affecting the growth and development of soybean above and below ground.The soybean’s root system is sensitive to aluminium toxicity.The level of aluminium aw round the root system can be a significant limitation to the soybean’s growth,yield,and quality.Therefore,to understand the aluminium tolerance and manage the aluminium toxicity of soybeans,it is important to study the effects of aluminium ions on the soybean’s growth,and its defence mechanisms against aluminium stress.This paper focuses on the toxic effects of aluminium toxicity on soybeans,describing the physiological,biochemical and genetic resistance mechanisms that occur in soybeans when exposed to aluminium stress and the changes in the biotic and abiotic environment of soybean roots under acidic soils.Based on this,the main physical,chemical and biological measures that may mitigate aluminium toxicity are biochar adsorption of aluminium ions,application of exogenous organic acids and mycorrhizal incorporation techniques.However,there are limitations to these traditional approaches,so we propose that further research is needed to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of aluminium stress from a molecular biology perspective,such as compartmentalising the cytoplasm and vesicles and regulating the expression of aluminium toxicity tolerance genes in soybeans.In summary,this paper provides a reference for advancing research on aluminium tolerance in soybeans,enhancing the benefits of soybean cultivation,and for more indepth research in the field of soil acidification and aluminium toxicity management in the hope of greater economic and ecological benefits.