极限制裁下的俄罗斯数字化转型:困境、应对与启示

Russia's Digital Transformation amid Ultimate Sanctions:Plight,Responses and Enlightenments

俄罗斯以政府为主导、自上而下系统推进数字经济发展。支撑俄罗斯数字经济发展的八大因素中,网络安全水平、数字政策环境是长项;数字基础设施水平和数字技术水平与国家经济实力相当;短板是数字经济需求不足、信息化人力资本缺口较大、信息通信技术产业薄弱、数字融合应用有待强化。美西方极限制裁下,俄罗斯数字化转型遭遇IT人才外流、数字化转型项目暂停、电信资费上涨、数据中心不足、被锁定在技术低端的风险增加、关键信息基础设施遭遇安全威胁等困境。俄罗斯通过资源整合提升综合效能、突破西方知识产权体系藩篱并重构供应链、大力支持IT行业发展、重构微电子产业、“政产学研用”协同推进国产替代、强化信息安全保障、加强卫星通信基础设施建设、重视端到端技术研发与应用等方式积极应对。虽然2022年俄罗斯完成了数字化转型国家目标,但企业数字化转型成本上升的同时效能并未提升、技术解决方案进口替代遭遇诸多困难、数字前沿技术研发受困等问题凸显。困局下俄罗斯的应对措施给中国提供的启示为:须提前布局关键核心技术研发,用“举国体制”推动“政产学研用”协同创新,果断采取应急措施抵御冲击,强化前沿关键数字技术布局,高度重视网络安全问题。

Network security and digital policy settings are in an advantageous position and digital infrastructure and technology are commensurate to Russia's economic power.The deficiency lies in the insufficient demand for digital technology,shortage of IT human resources,inadequate development of the ICT industry,and limited application of digital convergence.In despite of the fact that the unprecedented Western sanctions imposed substantial impact on Russia's digital transformation,the country has taken a series of measures to tackle them.It is advisable for China to formulate R&D plans of key technology as early as possible and promote coordinated innovation among politics,industry,academia,research,and application under a national system,take decisive actions to offset possible impacts,consolidate the planning of key digital technology,and attach much importance to security issues.