职业稳定性与代际差异:基于上海居民职业经历的追溯调查

Occupational Stability and Intergenerational Differences: A Retrospective Survey Based on the Occupation Experience of Shanghai Residents

职业与国家关系是欧美社会学界考查职业社会结构与职业流动的重要视角,但在本土情景下的讨论较少。以该视角为理论依托,将改革开放作为重要时间节点,分析改革开放前后出生的两代群体的职业流动频次及初职风险率的差异,以此探究我国社会变迁过程中职业变动的内在机制。研究发现,改革开放前出生的劳动者的职业流动频次和初职离职风险率显著低于改革开放后的群体。相比个体因素,一些结构性因素如单位属性、职位来源等,对改革开放前出生群体的职业稳定性有更显著的影响;而改革开放后群体的职业稳定性更易受到个体或家庭因素的影响。通过分析两类群体的职业稳定性,论证了本土情境下国家理性化过程先于个体的职业化过程的假设,但这种状态随即被改革开放这一重大事件打破,其后国家对于个体的控制不断弱化,个体的职业流动呈现相对的不稳定性。

As an important research perspective, the relationship between occupation and the state plays an important role in the research of occupational social structure and occupational mobility in European and American sociological academia.However, it has received less attention in the context of local Chinese research. This paper focuses on the intergenerational differences in occupational mobility and the risk of initial job leaving between workers born before and after the 1978 Reform based on the professionalization and rationalization theory. The result shows that the frequency of occupational mobility and the risk of initial job leaving are significantly lower for workers born in pre-reform than the post-reform. Compared with individual factors,these structural factors,such as the attributes of danwei and the source of the job opportunity,have more significant effects on the occupational stability of the pre-reform group;while the post-reform group is more likely to be affected by these individual or family factors. By analyzing the occupational stability of the two intergenerational groups,this paper argues that the hypothesis regards the rationalization process of the state preceded the professionalization process of individuals in the local context at the beginning,but has been broken by the 1978Reform. Subsequently,the state′s control continued to weaken and the occupational mobility of individuals showed relative instability.