系统在病原体和肿瘤领域的研究与应用

Research and application of CRISPR Cas system in the field of pathogens and tumors

在细菌的适应性免疫防御系统中发现的成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)以及其相关蛋白(Cas)组成的系统已经逐渐发展成强大的基因组编辑技术。CRISPR Cas系统可以特定识别DNA或RNA序列并对其进行修饰切割,相对于传统基因编辑技术具有操作简单、高效、细胞毒性小等特点;其中Cas9、Cas12、Cas13、Cas14在检测多种病原体、研究新型冠状病毒传染、建立肿瘤模型等前沿项目中发挥出重要的作用,具有巨大的应用潜力。目前已建立了基于不同Cas蛋白的多种基因编辑检测平台,还建立了新型冠状病毒检测改良平台,如基于Cas12蛋白的SHERLOCK-COVID,Casdetec,基于Cas13蛋白的SHERLOCK等。在肿瘤研究领域,这些检测平台也可用于肿瘤基因的检出治疗以及模型的建立等,同时也开发了多种针对肿瘤的特殊方法。本文将梳理CRISPR Cas系统的发展历程,其在病原体和肿瘤领域的应用,以及基于CRISPR的各个平台的作用及发展。

The cluster regularly intervaled Short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)associated protein(Cas)system was discovered in the adaptive immune defense system of bacteria,which evolved into a powerful genome editing technique.CRISPR Cas system can specifically identify DNA or RNA sequences and modify and cut them.Compared with traditional gene editing technologies,CRISPR Cas system has been developed very rapidly in recent years,featuring simple operation,high efficiency and low cytotoxicity.Among them,Cas9,Cas12,Cas13,Cas14 play an important role in the detection of a variety of pathogens,the study of novel coronavirus,the establishment of tumor models and other cutting-edge projects,with great application potential.At present,a variety of gene editing detection platforms based on different Cas proteins have been established.Improved platforms for novel coronavirus detection have also been established,such as SHERLOCK-COVID based on Cas12 protein,Casdetec,SHERLOCK based on Cas13 protein,etc.In the field of tumor research,these detection platforms can also be used for the detection and treatment of tumor genes and the establishment of models,and a variety of special methods for tumors have been developed.In this paper,we will review the development of CRISPR Cas system,its application in the field of pathogens and tumors,and the role and development of CRISPR-based platforms.