略论20世纪法国汉学界中国通史撰写的范式

On the Paradigms of the General Histories of China Written by French Sinologists in the 20th Century

20世纪早、中、晚期法国汉学界的三部通史性著作(考狄的《中国通史》、马伯乐和白乐日的《古代中国的历史与制度》、谢和耐的《中国社会史》)的撰写在范式上经历了“王朝史”“总体史”“王朝史—总体史融合”的演变历程。其中《古代中国的历史与制度》的撰写具有转折意义:马伯乐对经济史料的重视和在古代宗教、语言、思想等领域的研究基础,以及白乐日对年鉴学派“总体史范式”的引入,既完全颠覆了考狄《中国通史》的“王朝史范式”,又为谢和耐兼具“王朝史”和“总体史”特点的《中国社会史》的撰写开辟了道路。

The three general histories of China written respectively in the early,middle and late 20th century—Histoire générale de la Chine by Henri Cordier,Histoire et institutions de la Chine ancienne by Henri Maspero andÉtienne Balazs,and Le Monde chinois by Jacques Gernet—had undergone paradigmatic evolution which can be divided into three types:Dynasty Paradigm,Total Paradigm and an integration of both.The writing of the Histoire et institutions de la Chine ancienne marks a transition in the paradigmatic evolution.Maspero paid attention to the materials of economic history with a solid researching foundation on the religions,languages and ideology of the ancient China,and Balazs introduced the Total Paradigm from the Annales School,which completely subverted the Dynasty Paradigm inherited in Cordier’s Histoire générale de la Chine and blazed the way for Gernet’s masterpiece Le Monde chinois,which balanced the Dynasty Paradigm and the Total Paradigm.